Women political participation in Myanmar’s house of representatives

Title: Women political participation in Myanmar’s house of representatives

Author: Miss Thu Thu Swe

Year: 2018

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Gender

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The thesis mainly discusses about main obstacles and challenges for women to participate in political activities in Myanmar including economic factor, social factor, political factor, and the ways how women are empowered to participate in political activities in Myanmar by using both primary and secondary data. The primary concept for this study is based on women empowerment processes which are included four different pathways in which women are changed –material (economy), perceptual (knowledge and skill), cognitive (self-confident and self-esteemed) and relational (bargaining power). Moreover, the thesis analyses actor’s roles in these four pathways. The thesis found out external factors namely economy, relgion, culture and tradition, verbal gender-discrimination and gender-violence as well as lack of gender-concept in policy and poltiical factor are obstacles and challenges for women. On the other hand, internal factors namely education, knowledge and skills and self-confident are not challenges for women to participate in poltiical activities. In order to empower women, there are four main actors in Myanmar: state (Ministry of Social Welfare, Union Election Commission), political parties, CSO/NGO/INGO and media for four pathways. It is observed that for four pathways, state and political parties takes cooperation and leading roles for economic (material pathway), knowledge and skills (cognitive pathway) and self-confident (perceptual pathway) of women empowerment with CSO/NGO/INGO sector. But state cannot do its cooperation and leading role very well like political parties. The thesis found out CSO/NGO/INGO can do a lot for women empowerment. Without support of CSO/NGO/INGO, state and political parties cannot do anything for material, cognitive and perceptual pathways. And for bargaining power (relational pathway), CSO/NGO/INGO does not have power to do. State and Political parties have power but in reality, state and political parties cannot do anything for bargaining power for women. For media sector, the thesis found out it can just support for improving knowledge for women.

Development in Sihanoukville under Chinese influence

Title: Development in Sihanoukville under Chinese influence

Author: Mr. Tom Alexander Buehler

Year: 2018

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Nualnoi Treerat, advisor, Wasana Wongsurawat, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The coastal city of Sihanoukville in Cambodia is undergoing rapid change caused by massive Chinese industrial and real estate investments. Why Sihanoukville is the target of these investments and how these recent developments are affecting the local Cambodians has not been studied so far. Theories of neoliberalism, globalization, and foreign direct investment were used to examine the reasons for investments and conflict theory to analyze the impacts and the consequences of increasing inequality. The research used a mainly qualitative design, including interviews with people involved in the changes. Cambodia strongly welcomes foreign direct investments and at the same time urgently needs investments stimulating development. China, on the other hand, has the financial power and strong economic interests to invest in Cambodia. Sihanoukville is often chosen for these activities because it is has promising growth prospects and a very liberal investment regime. Locals often do not profit from the investments. Rents and property prices are exploding. Chinese own the majority of the businesses now, employing their own compatriots there, and often disrespecting local law. These issues are not adequately addressed by the local government and thus foster anti-Chinese sentiments. However, if the Cambodian government would ensure stricter compliance with law and put the wellbeing of the population above other interests, the long-term effects of the current transformation could improve the livelihoods of all. This also applies to other countries in the region, who could benefit from Chinese investments if a strong state would insist on sustainability and inclusiveness of their rapid growth.

A discourse analysis of LGBTI and homosexuality in the Thai secondary-level physical and health education textbooks

Title: A discourse analysis of LGBTI and homosexuality in the Thai secondary-level physical and health education textbooks

Author: Mr. Charoen Sutuktis

Year: 2018

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Gender

Advisor(s): Vong-on Phuaphansawat

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Textbooks and national curriculum represent "official knowledge", or the set of ideas legitimised by the state and dominant groups in society. This legitimate knowledge constitutes the oppressive structure that fosters and manintains social inequalities and injustice. For LGBTI people, the unequal and unfair treatment that they experience in Thai society can be linked to what has been said about them-and gender and sexuality in general-in texbooks. Thia aims to examine how the physical & health education (PE) texbooks represent the image of LGBTI people and homosexuality by using the concepts of heteronormativity and gender neutrality. The research explores the content of all secondary-level PE textbooks that are available in the market, comprising a total of 36 textbooks. These textbooks are written by six publishers-one government entity (the ministry of education-MOE) and five private publishers. The researcher selected selected only the chapters that deal specifically with sexual development, sexual behaviours, family, and marriage. The analysis found, first, that the level of LGBTI coverage and level of heteronormativity varies among the six publishers. While some publishers are more progressive in the sense that they discusws LGBTI separately and include content on families of same-sex couples, others remain very conservative. For example, some publishers still discuss LGBTI as a 'deviant' behaviour that requires correction and repeatedly utilise words that exclude LGBTI and homosexual identifications, for example, Num-Sao, Por-Mae and opposite-sex. Second, despite some evidence of LGBTI inclusion and challenges to heteronormativity, the overall representation of LGBTI people and homosexuality still reinforces the image of these people as "the other". Moreover, LGBTI identily and homosexuality are constructed as a threat to "Thainess" and as a disadvantaged identity that represents an inferior position. Therefore, the analysis concludes that Thai PE textbooks still largely reinforce gender binary and heternonrmativity.

Coping with drug abuse in Shan State

Title: Coping with drug abuse in Shan State

Author: Miss Thiri

Year: 2018

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Human Development and Human Security

Advisor(s): Pavika Sriratanaban

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: As we look around the study area, especially in the mountain areas and control over the ethnic armed groups areas, it is not hard to see the drug users and the other chemical substances selling and opium cultivation in the mountain areas. According to the drug dependents the opium cultivation can earn more money and easier than the other crops. As Lashio situated on the China- Myanmar Border Highway Road, China is the main producer of the chemical substances and importer to Myanmar. Because of the geographical situation, the study area is abundant in drug substances and chemical tablets. Heroin and amphetamine are the most popular moreover the number of drug dependents increasing according to the conversations and surrounding justice. This research also examines what is happening in actuality concerning on drug abuse regarding with the instability of political situations in Myanmar. Furthermore, this research analyses some beliefs and myths of drug use in local community, the weakness of knowledge (their practices), education level and the other internal factors which is called social factors influenced the causes of drug abuse. In the study area, it is not hard to find out the drug addicted person not only adult but also teenager in everywhere the meaning of drug use and why they became addicted to drug substances are also included. One of the key priorities of this research include how the Narcotic Drug Control policy 2018 is working during 1 year in actuality and the perceptions change under the mechanism of the new policy also discussed. The analysis of this field research concluded with the findings according to the conversations with 6 drug dependents who registered at the methadone clinic and 2 key informants with health provider and community leader using qualitative method design, consisting of in- depth interviews. This research showing greater focus on the causes of drug addiction, the role of drugs on drug dependents, moreover as the drug abuse is the trigger problems in Myanmar not only the community but also the government have to participate in harm reduction and demand reduction processes under the mechanism of the new policy to change the perceptions of the local people.

Economic security and development: the impacts of Inca Inchi contract-farming as an agricultural business model in Kachin state, Myanmar

Title: Economic security and development: the impacts of Inca Inchi contract-farming as an agricultural business model in Kachin state, Myanmar

Author: Mr. Zaw Ban

Year: 2018

Keywords: Human Security, Development, Inca Inchi Contract-Farming, Social and Economic Impacts

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: In Myanmar, Inca Inchi is one of the new economic businesses that made changes to the agriculture sector with both its advantages to the quality of life of the people and a high selling price which generates an economic benefit. This study tries to explore the overall social and economic impact that Inca Inchi contract-farming as a business model has had on the security and development specifically for the farmers who signed the contracts with the Inca Inchi companies in the Kachin state, Myanmar. Sample size in Myitkyina Township represented total population. Quantitative data collection method based on primary data collection from private company, along with qualitative method utilized opened-ended questions which were given to respondents. The findings were divided into three major parts, and each part’s conclusions was determined from records by surveys, focus groups discussion and semi-structure interviews. The primary respondents were famers who planted Inca Inchi in Kachin State, along with the other stakeholders from contracting companies, local government officers, officers from Non-Government Organizations, and local church leaders. Findings covered changes during times beginning with the premier time before the entering of Inca Inchi contract farming to villages highlighted into three economics, social, and politic situations of villages, how the business strategized and got into the villages, cost and benefits and changes that have occurred since the commencement of the contract farming into the villages. The study has revealed that even though the Inca Inchi contract farming would contribute to the over development of not only the farmers who are engaged in the Inca Inchi farming, but would benefit the larger community, which as the study has shown, had an adverse impact for the farmers who got into the Inca Inchi contract-farming due to lack of oversight from the government. Lastly, the researcher disclosed obstructions, suggested solutions, and relationship analysis among five institutions. Recommendations have been made and also suggestions that may be guided for further research on the contract-farming business model so as not to have the same situation as before for the farmers who have been involved in the Inca Inchi contract-farming. Key Words: Human Security/Development/Inca Inchi Contract-Farming/Social and Economic Impacts.

Internal migrant children and their access to education : a case study of Hlaing Thar Yar township, Yangon, Myanmar

Title: Internal migrant children and their access to education : a case study of Hlaing Thar Yar township, Yangon, Myanmar

Author: Miss Thazin Lin Thet Maw

Year: 2018

Keywords: Right to Education; access to primary education; internal migrants’ children; education policy

Theme: Education

Advisor(s): Carl Middleton

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This research explores the accessibility of primary education for children of migrant families within Myanmar, focusing on children who accompanied their families when they have to move to a new location. In doing so, this research analyzes the issues faced by rural-to-urban migrant children in the process of primary school enrollment. The study also reviews Myanmar’s National Education Strategic Plan (2016-2021) to understand the provisions and practices implemented by the government to address the challenges of migrant children’s access to primary education. The research was conducted in Hlaing Thar Yar Township in Yangon, Myanmar, which is an area characterized by settlements of migrant groups. Using qualitative methodology, a total of twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with migrant families in the study area, selected on the basis of being recent migrants with primary school aged children. In addition, another ten key informant interviews were conducted with government officials from the Department of Basic Education, local administrators, teachers, and representatives of INGO/NGOs. The main research findings are that while there is a state policy of free and compulsory education in Myanmar, the number of available schools does not fill the demand. For registered students, the government subsidizes school fees, textbooks, and a school uniform. However, many migrants do not possess the necessary documents to practice their legal rights, including school enrollment, in their new settlement. Some schools accept a recommendation from the local administration, but this is often not possible because parents do not possess their own identity papers. Also, for migrant children to continue their education in a new location, a school transfer certificate must be submitted, which is a major challenge. In addition, the enforcement of documentation requirements are interpreted and practiced in various ways, which has created confusion regarding the standard acceptable documents. This paper concludes that the implementation of free and compulsory education at the primary level in Myanmar is failing to meet the needs of the migrant community. Other than economic barriers there are multiple administrative challenges that make it nearly impossible for children of migrant communities to access primary education.

Ulaanbaatar's Ger District Residents : An analysis of development challenges and structural violence

Title: Ulaanbaatar's Ger District Residents : An analysis of development challenges and structural violence

Author: Mr. Timothy Shaun Jenkins

Year: 2018

Keywords: Structural Violence, Mongolia, Development

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Chantana Wungaeo

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This study investigates and researches the impact of the Government’s policy of putting the ‘economy first’ by analyzing the situation through the lens of Johan Galtung’s concept of Structural Violence. The research answers the question: How does structural violence occur in the ger districts of Ulaanbaatar under the current development challenges?In the 1990’s, after the fall of communism, the IMF and the World Bank, along with some leading political figures within the Government of Mongolia, pushed forward with their plans to bring the free market to Mongolia. The World Bank and the IMF introduced the shock-therapy approach with the aim of quickly integrating Mongolia into the global supply chain. Massive layoffs were instituted within the government and nearly all of the state-owned industries were privatized. This resulted in mass inflation, job loss, and increases in poverty. The consequences of shock therapy reverberated throughout the social landscape for decades. Today, the Government continues to heed the advice of the IMF and the World Bank by focusing on the economy and gaining the trust of foreign investors and other key partners. As a result, the economy continues to be put ahead of social issues and services, with limited consultation with those most effected: the herding populous. What this means is that a pattern of injustice has been solidified within some structures so much so that the lowest-ranking actors, in this case the rural migrants now living in the ger districts of Ulaanbaatar, were deprived not only of their respective potential, but undeniably below subsistence minimum. These policies were compounded in 2017 when the Government received a bailout from the IMF. As a result, basic social services were again slashed, and taxes rose across the country to meet the demands for the loans.This paper is particularly focused on extracting data via interviews of internal migrants originally from rural communities now living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. To support these findings, an analysis of civil society, UN reports and in-depth interviews have been conducted, as well as a review of public statements by government officials. The research has found evidence of the structural violence against migrants that have settled in the capital city who were forced to abandon their livelihoods in the countryside and retreat to the ger districts of Ulaanbaatar.This paper concludes that citizens living in the ger districts are the victims of structural violence, and that this violence takes the form of higher morbidity and mortality rates as a direct result of air pollution, limited access to basic social services, and unreasonable distances to healthcare facilities. The circumstances for this inequality are the direct result of the World Bank’s and the IMF’s “shock therapy” strategy and is further perpetuated by poor governance and the exclusion of poor communities from meaningful civic participation.

Chin diaspora and their social networks in Thailand : implications for development in Myanmar

Title: Chin diaspora and their social networks in Thailand : implications for development in Myanmar

Author: Mr. Pau Sian Lian

Year: 2018

Keywords: Myanmar, Development, Diaspora, Chin, Social Network, Chin Diaspora in Thailand

Theme: Social Welfare

Advisor(s): Supang Chantavanich

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Due to socioeconomic and political reasons, Chin ethnic people from the western part of Myanmar have been migrating to inner part of the country and abroad. Economic growth and requirement of low skill labor in Thailand since the 1980s have been the pull factors for low skill migrants from its neighbors, including Myanmar. Chin people came to Thailand not only for economic opportunities but also for onward migration. The purpose of this research is to explore the social networks of Chin diaspora in Thailand and their implication to the economic and political development of their home community in Myanmar. With that, diaspora concept of Safran (1991) and migrant social networks concept of Weber (2014) were applied in this research.By using both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, the research finds out that the Chin diaspora in Thailand, comprised on different sub-ethnic origins who were from different parts of Myanmar, have similar diasporic characteristics, except in the case of their myth of origin. It is found out that they form fellowships usually related to the Christian churches which facilitates their social networking in Thailand. Sub-fellowships are formed usually based on sub-ethnicity and homophilic tendency exists in transnational networks as well. The research finds out that Chin diaspora in Thailand are committed to sending remittance but they are not keen in political participation for their home community but for some factors. As such, the thesis concludes that Chin diaspora in Thailand meets the six features of the Safran (1991). The strength of ties is stronger within the sub-ethnic networks than their networks as a whole. The Chin diaspora in Thailand moderately contributes to the economic development of their home community and their political implication is weak. The research assesses their future aspiration and predicts that their return is less likely to happen in the near future.

CLMV Male Migrant Sex Workers in Bangkok: Livelihoods and Social Protection

Title: CLMV Male Migrant Sex Workers in Bangkok: Livelihoods and Social Protection

Author: Miss Ob-orm Utthasit

Year: 2018

Keywords: livelihoods, social protection, sex workers, coping strategy, migration, vulnerability, male, (il)legal status, CLMV

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Ratchada Jayagupta, advisor, Naruemon Thabchumpon, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Due to the lucrative business of sex industry in Thailand, it welcomes not only Thai sex workers to engage in sex industry, but also migrant sex workers from neighboring countries including Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam. The high incomes of sex industry convince not only the female migrants, but also male migrants either heterosexual or homosexual identified to engage in sexual services. These migrant sex workers are experiencing more barriers that the local due to their migrants’ legal status. Because sex work is not considered a legitimate form of employment, these migrant sex workers are unable to exercise their rights and protections under Thai Labor Protection Act. They are subject to vulnerabilities facing triple legal barriers including labor, immigration, and sex-work laws.The purpose of this research is thus to investigate to what extent does (il)legal status of CLMV male migrant sex workers affect their livelihoods, and to analyze how do they manage their coping strategies and their accessing to social protection. The concepts applied in this research are sustainable livelihood approach, coping strategies, and social protection. This research is in qualitative method conducted through the use of in-depth interviews with 14 CLMV male migrant sex workers, and 5 key informant interviews from government and NGOs. The research is also adopted non-participant observation to observe their activities and interaction amongst sex-work colleagues, captains, and clients in three types of establishments: go-go bars, massage/ spa shops, and beer bars.From the study, it finds that CLMV male migrant sex workers’ livelihoods and their coping strategies of accessing to social protection in Thailand are confined by their (il)legal status from engaging in illegal sex industry, working using tourist visa, and carrying out work without a work permit or carrying out work differently specified in work permit.With that, the paper concludes that (il)legal status of CLMV male migrant sex workers has the effects on their livelihoods and their coping strategies of accessing to social protection in Thailand in different degree. Migrant sex workers who depend on tourist visa are more vulnerable than ones who are employed. However, the degree of vulnerability depends on one’s capacity to cope. CLMV male migrant sex workers adopt loophole strategy (invisibility) and protective strategy as a response to their vulnerabilities. Their accessing to social protection is based on migrants’ employment status. Employment status allows migrant sex workers to get access to social protection. Visa tourist holders cannot get social protection in terms of state policies but can access to social protection through their social network from the community in the form of occupation support to maintain their sex-work career.

Particulate matter 2.5 : a case study of measures and risks in Bangkok during early 2019

Title: Particulate matter 2.5 : a case study of measures and risks in Bangkok during early 2019

Author: Mr. Thanabodee Lekprayura

Year: 2018

Keywords: Inequality, Environmental Measures, Air Pollution, Particulate Matter 2.5,, Distributional Impacts

Theme: Environmental Politics and Policy

Advisor(s): Jakkrit Sangkhamanee

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The increased presence of particulate matter is caused by a multiplicity of factors, such as economic development, environmental degradation, and social inequality. During the first quarter of 2019, Bangkok was covered with a large amount of fine particle, known as PM2.5. Many Bangkok residents were affected, particularly in terms of their health and income. The Thai government has announced measures to cope with the problem. However, the most effective measures should not only decrease the level of particles, but should also be able to address the impacts on risk-prone groups. In this context, the vulnerable groups seem to be those placed in a marginalized position, while they are also the group that tends to be most impacted. The objective of the study aims to understand the relationship between the state measures and the multiplicity of risks among the vulnerable groups in Bangkok. In order to comprehend the complexity of the issue, this study utilizes a transdisciplinary approach to highlight the politics of government measures for different stakeholders. It analyzes the case of PM2.5 in Bangkok during 2019 through the conceptual lens of risk society and environmental inequality. The research combines different methodologies including non-participatory observation, in-depth interviews with various types of samples, and documentary research. The study found that the majority of PM2.5 in Bangkok has occurred as a result of transportation activities. Most of the measures implemented by the state in response, however, were short-term solutions that focused on limiting activities in the industrial and construction sectors, rather than pursuing long-term solutions such as improving engine and fuel standards. Among the vulnerable groups, it is found that there are many factors causing their exposure to the impact of PM2.5. These factors are: economic condition, ineffectiveness of measures in regard to economic and social dependency, cost of protection, area of state service, availability of safe accommodation, and the ability to access services and sources of necessary information.

Stakeholder Analysis of Socioeconomic Impacts on Chiang Rai-Chiang Khong Rail Project in Chiang Rai Province

Title: Stakeholder Analysis of Socioeconomic Impacts on Chiang Rai-Chiang Khong Rail Project in Chiang Rai Province

Author: Miss Tanthita Sukhopala

Year: 2018

Keywords: Rail project, Chiang Rai, Socioeconomic impact, urban expansion

Theme: Social Welfare

Advisor(s): Pitch Pongsawat

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The objectives of this research are (1) to study the impacts of Chiang Rai - Chiang Khong rail project on Chiang Rai provinces, especially the social and economic impacts which are caused by the rail project, positively and negatively and (2) to analyze advantages and disadvantages of Chiang Rai - Chiang Khong rail project on Chiang Rai province. The scope of study covers 2 main areas including (1) the search for different impacts in 3 different train station areas and (2) the search for different impacts between local people who live within 5 kilometers of the area where train station will be constructed and local people who live farther than 5 kilometers from the area where train station will be constructed. The research has done by employing survey, observation and in-depth interview with local people in Chiang Rai province in order to focus on the districts which are planned to be the location of train station, namely Wiang Chai district, Chiang Khong district and Pa Daet district. These districts can be influenced by the rail project from the beginning such as the impact from the construction, including land expropriation problem, land price increasing, the impact during the construction which may cause traffic jam or block the water flow in agriculture area, and the impact after construction by which the railway may separate villages or communities and cause several other environmental problems. Urban expansion in Chiang Rai may not expand according to the railway or train station because the town has correspondingly been expanded with the highway. However, the railway is mainly to benefit on tourism and hospitality industry, trade and investment, logistic and supply chain, domestically and internationally. Chiang Rai demands the different way of development which is suitable for basic infrastructure after having the railway in the province.

Thai civil partnership is the new marriage inequality : Queer critiques on the discourses in the civil partnership bill of state activism towards marriage ‘equality’

Title: Thai civil partnership is the new marriage inequality : Queer critiques on the discourses in the civil partnership bill of state activism towards marriage ‘equality’

Author: Miss Thanita Wongprasert

Year: 2018

Keywords: civil partnership, marriage equality, marriage, legal registration, discourse

Theme: Civil society and Democracy

Advisor(s): Soravis Jayanama

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: With an equal access to legal registration becoming the international mainstream development agenda and movement of 21st century, Thailand proposed a civil partnership bill developed by the Rights and Liberties Protection Department in 2018. Although the initiative seems promisingly progressive, the drafting, legal product and outcomes that the bill promises to bring lay vigorous ground of criticisms. This thesis is the first English-language academic work that uniquely integrates theoretical outlook and arguments of queer theory where Foucauldian discourse analysis is the key concept applied to critique the discourses codified in the bill. This thesis aims to analyze how Thai discourse of marriage affects state activism of marriage equality through the proposal of controversial civil partnership and argue how it is a new marriage inequality. This thesis presents key findings derived from secondary sources, content analysis of the bill, interviews with key actors, participation in relevant activities and events and insights from the author as an activist. The discourse of marriage in Thailand is more social and cultural than legal where witnessed ceremony without registration with state is regarded as recognition. Interacting with foreign influences, the civil partnership as a new registration system was proposed to make marriage more gender-inclusive and arguably equal, however the criticisms prove otherwise. Thai movement of marriage equality faces internal complexity among the civil society and state authorities. This paper concludes that beyond the limitation of rights, the civil partnership bill is a new marriage inequality. The oppressive institution of marriage whose discourse is monopolized by state is used as a tool to control and discipline Thai LGBTI couples. The discriminative civil partnership act normalizes and compromises the needs of the community with statist interest of state, enabling the reproduction and idealization of state-approved norms and expectations.

Explaining barriers and opportunities for recycled pet for food packaging in Thailand through the lenses of organizational environment theory

Title: Explaining barriers and opportunities for recycled pet for food packaging in Thailand through the lenses of organizational environment theory

Author: Miss Natawadee Sirithorn

Year: 2018

Keywords: rPET, Business behavior, Recycled food packaging

Theme: Human Development and Human Security

Advisor(s): Carl Middleton

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Currently, some plastic-related companies propose a solution of recycled plastic (rPET) for food packaging as a solution for the plastic problem in Thailand. Therefore, the objective of the thesis is to study business behavior in order to understand the rationale of why some company needs to use rPET for food packaging. This study combined two theories which are the organizational environment theory and the institutional theory of CSR to analyze the effect of the internal and the external environment that influence companies to support rPET food packaging.The finding indicates that companies’ mission creates an influence on companies to promote rPET for food packaging in Thailand, especially for global companies. Global companies usually have a clear mission to show responsibility to the plastic problem in any country they are operating. Global companies mostly produce and use massive plastic packaging, making them receive more social pressure than local companies. In terms of the external environment, findings reveal the combination between the availability of financial resources and feedstock of post-consumer PET bottle that influence plastic producers to change or resist to change to rPET production. rPET is new in Thailand, and the country has poor waste segregation system. The market of rPET packaging and the feedstock of post-consumer PET bottles are also limited. It is not easy for some producer to produce rPET food packaging. This can be explained by the second factor which is recycling technology for rPET packaging. For the company who have no recycling technology for food-grade rPET, they need technological investment which requires a huge investment. If there is no clear market for rPET packaging and enough feedstock of post-consumer PET bottle, they would not dare to take a risk in investing in the new technology. Also, if any company which does not have a headquarters mission or receive high pressure from NGOs, it is unlikely for them to change from virgin plastic to rPET which has a higher production cost as well.

Village fund implicatgion : Community development in disadantaged region in Indonesia

Title: Village fund implicatgion : Community development in disadantaged region in Indonesia

Author: Dian Suryani Sinaga

Year: 2017

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Human Development and Human Security

Advisor(s): Niti Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: State-based management approaches to village fund program implementation has often failed to reach the optimization the benefit from this program for village development in disadvantaged village in Indonesia. The goal of village fund program is for alleviating poverty, improving village public services, promoting the village economy, overcoming Indonesia development gap, and strengthening village community as the subject of development. This research is based on the assumption that the optimization of village fund utilization is related to the management project. Against this background, by co-management strategy for village fund program have a considerable potential for minimizing the obstacles approached by community participation and co-management. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategy of co-management in optimizing the village funds utilization in the disadvantaged villages throuht a qualitative approach. The author uses the purposive sampling method through interviews, observation, documentation, and informal talk. The process of data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, and the conclusion of observation. The concepts of community participation, co-management, and village development are needed in optimizing the village fund program for village development. In fact, participation was obtained through a good co-management among village government, village elited, and villagers. The result are people are willing in giving participation by ideas, funds, skill, as well as material development and minimizing implication. Conclusion highlight the importance of improvement of management project, cross-sector collaboration, and support regulation in for optimizing of village fund utilization

TREADING WATER: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE PLIGHT AND CAPABILITIES OF AFGHAN REFUGEES IN INDONESIA

Title: TREADING WATER: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE PLIGHT AND CAPABILITIES OF AFGHAN REFUGEES IN INDONESIA

Author: Miss Jennifer Kay Moberg

Year: 2017

Keywords: MIGRATION, REFUGEES, AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN, HAZARA, INDONESIA, PROTRACTION, SOCIAL CAPITAL, EMPOWERMENT

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon, advisor, Michael George Hayes, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: ACCORDING TO THE 2016 UNHCR STATISTICS, THERE ARE OVER 14,000 REFUGEES TRAPPED IN INDEFINITE TRANSIT IN INDONESIA, WITH FAINT HOPE OF EVER BEING RESETTLED TO ANY THIRD COUNTRY. THE WEST JAVA TOWN OF CISARUA ALONE HOSTS NEARLY 5,000 REFUGEES FROM THE ETHNIC HAZARA MINORITY GROUP FROM AFGHANISTAN. IN THEIR INTRACTABLE LIMBO, A GROUP OF THESE HAZARAS HAVE SET UP A NUMBER OF REFUGEE RUN LEARNING CENTRES AND COMMUNITY INITIATIVES, CREATING FOR THEMSELVES MEANING AND PURPOSE DURING THEIR UNBOUNDED TRANSIT. THIS TOWN AND POPULATION REPRESENT A UNIQUE CASE STUDY IN REFUGEE RESILIENCE, TRANSFORMATION, AND EMPOWERMENT IN LIGHT OF A DEEPENING GLOBAL REFUGEE CRISIS. USING A CAPABILITIES FRAMEWORK AND SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY, THIS THESIS EXAMINES THE EMERGENCE OF THESE REFUGEE RUN INSTITUTIONS, AND THE IMPACT THAT INVOLVEMENT WITH THESE INSTITUTIONS HAS ON REFUGEES IN PERPETUAL TRANSIT. THE RESEARCH EMPLOYS ETHNOGRAPHIC, QUALITATIVE METHODS IN ORDER TO SHARE THE STORIES AND EXPERIENCES OF SOME OF THE MOST VULNERABLE AND FORGOTTEN MEMBERS OF SOCIETY IN THEIR JOURNEY TO EMPOWERMENT. THE ANALYSIS OF THIS STUDY CONCLUDED THAT THE SOCIAL CAPITAL BUILT THROUGH INVOLVEMENT WITH REFUGEE RUN INITIATIVES IS THE CONVERSION FACTOR THAT CHANGES LIVES; COMMUNITY ITSELF IS THE TRANSFORMATIVE ELEMENT. THROUGH THIS TRANSFORMATION, REFUGEES HAVE CREATED FOR THEMSELVES MEANING AND PURPOSE DURING THEIR INDEFINITE TRANSIT, AND LAID PATHWAYS FOR A SUCCESSFUL FUTURE

Social protection for urak lawoi traditional divers : A case study of two indigenous communities in Thailand

Title: Social protection for urak lawoi traditional divers : A case study of two indigenous communities in Thailand

Author: Panida Anujorbhand

Year: 2017

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Gender

Advisor(s): Pavika Sriratanaban

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Being in the informal sector, local fishing communities in Thailand are often neglected by the Thai government. Social protection for informal sector is quite lacking especially for those who face various economic and social risks. The Urak Lawoi traditional divers are the case study in this research, not only because they belong in the informal sector, but also because several communities have been greatly affected by growing encroachment of the economic overdevelopment mainly by tourism and commercial fishery industries. The objective of this research is three-fold, that is, to understand the risks, to analyse existing social protection, and to recommend social protection that fills in the gap of needs and alleviates those risks. Through purposive sampling and in-depth interviews with the Urak Lawoi traditional divers in the Rawai beach and Sireh island communities and with relevant individuals, the researcher identifies the key risks that these divers are facing in terms of housing and accommodation; nature and environment; economics; health; social and political status. The conceptual framework of social risks is employed to both analyze existing social protection programmes available to the Urak Lawoi traditional divers and to suggest social protection to meet their needs. The findings of the research suggest that while there are some social protection programmes available to the members of the informal sector, including the traditional Urak Lawoi divers, these measures do not address various risks and vulnerabilities that these indigenous divers are facing. The research eventually provides recommendations for filling in the gaps of social protection for the sample cases of Urak Lawoi traditional divers at Rawai beach and Sireh Island communities.

Sisters, Boyfriends, and the Big City: Trans Entertainers and Sex Workers in Globalized Thailand

Title: Sisters, Boyfriends, and the Big City: Trans Entertainers and Sex Workers in Globalized Thailand

Author: Mr. Leo Bernardo Escalante Villar

Year: 2017

Keywords: LGBTIQ RIGHTS, SEX WORK, ENTERTAINMENT WORK, GLOBALIZATION, TRANSGENDER WOMAN, TOURISM

Theme: Gender

Advisor(s): Soravis Jayanama, advisor, Ratchada Jayagupta, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: As transgender issues penetrate mainstream human rights dialogue, most of the current understanding and research on this marginalized group revolve around the perspective of HIV/AIDS prevention and awareness. To add to the growing academic discourse on transgender women in the world of work, this research looks into the lives of transgender women sex workers and entertainers in the major cities of Bangkok and Pattaya in Thailand. The research uses a qualitative approach consisting of content analysis of relevant Thai policies and semi-structured interviews with 8 transgender women, a transgender-focused local NGO, and the management team of a prominent transgender cabaret theatre. Drawing its analysis from the concepts of homonormativity and homonationalism, the research explores the Thai state’s contradicting policies that affect transgender women. In particular, the study looks at the Tourism Authority of Thailand’s promotion and support of transgender cabaret performers, which is in contrast to the deep stigma and discrimination experienced by other transgender women, specifically transgender sex workers. In spite of what transgender cabaret performers may benefit from state support, this does not translate to equality for the broader transgender community in Thailand. Concluding this thesis, the study finds that some transgender women may be implicated in multiple political, economic, and socio-cultural structures and pushed to become commodified in order to gain rights. But despite the commodification of trans identity and culture, transgender women show their agency by resisting and challenging societal discrimination in their own ways

Singaporean Malays' Perspectives of Income Inequality and its Impact on their Opportunities in Singapore’s Education System

Title: Singaporean Malays' Perspectives of Income Inequality and its Impact on their Opportunities in Singapore’s Education System

Author: Mr. Ngak Leng Tan

Year: 2017

Keywords: INCOME INEQUALITY, EDUCATION, MERITOCRACY, SINGAPOREAN MALAYS

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Niti Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Studies on the profile of income inequality revealed that Singaporean Malays continuously occupied the lowest income strata and fared relatively poorer in their academic performance compared to other races. In a highly competitive meritocratic education system that rewards relative merit, yet neglects how unequal backgrounds provided unfair starting points for some, such low-income Malay households may appear to be systemically disadvantaged by income inequality and their access to better education. Under these circumstances, income inequality is further perpetuated. Through the use of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, my proposed research will seek to understand how Singaporean Malays perceive such income inequality and its adverse impact on their education. In addition, this paper offers insights on what their perceptions could mean. It is hoped that these insights will complement the findings from other academics and point the way to how best engage the Malay community, to improve their lives and help them meet their aspirations despite the inherent challenges they may face and to assure them that they have an equal stake in Singapore's future

Who Governs the Wasteland? Bangkok’s Informal Recycling Sector in Urban Waste Management

Title: Who Governs the Wasteland? Bangkok’s Informal Recycling Sector in Urban Waste Management

Author: Miss Vanessa Hongsathavij

Year: 2017

Keywords: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, RECYCLING, INFORMALITY, INFORMAL SECTOR, BANGKOK, THAILAND

Theme: Environmental Politics and Policy

Advisor(s): Surichai Wungaeo, advisor, Rosalia Sciortino, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Amidst rapid population growth and urbanization, municipalities confront many challenges posed by waste generation, and its subsequent collection and disposal. In light of these challenges, an integrated solid waste management has emerged as an alternative and more holistic approach to tackling waste challenges, including a more serious consideration of power dynamics and relationships between different actors and interests. Integrated solid waste management in developing countries further reveals an active informal sector and various practices of informality in resource recovery and recycling. Yet, it remains unclear if solid waste management systems can further integrate the informal sector in such a way that will promote co-benefits in the form of more economic efficiency, less environmental pollution and higher recycling rates, and greater livelihood and social equity, particularly for those employed in the informal sector. This thesis examines the politics of urban governance and development through the case of solid waste management in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Thailand. It employs a discourse analysis to discern the power relations embedded within the discourses around informality, particularly in terms of who benefits and loses within the city’s solid waste management system and practices. This study primarily draws its data from 17 in-depth, unstructured interviews with waste actors in Bangkok from national and local governments, private companies, international organizations, NGOs, academics, media, and the informal recycling sector. The central finding from this study shows how informal practices and waste actors operate under a liberal economic logic in which waste is principally redefined from a problem into a resource and in which the informal sector plays a critical role in rendering waste into an economically valuable good

The Thailand mechanism in conflict management during flood response and relief : a case study of conflict related to Klong Mahasawat

Title: The Thailand mechanism in conflict management during flood response and relief : a case study of conflict related to Klong Mahasawat

Author: Pongsanphet Suntivechatarm

Year: 2016

Keywords: Floods, Disaster relief, Conflict management

Theme: Disaster and Crisis Management

Advisor(s): Prapart Pintobtang, Man Purotaganon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This study aims to identify mechanisms in conflict management during flood response and relief in 2011 where the study will focus on the conflict that occurred during flood in 2011of the area or related to Klong Mahasawat as the conflict scene. It also explores the potential regulatory for the management of conflict at the sluicegate including the analysis of Administrative Court’s order to be used as conflict management tool. The qualitative approach is used in this study, utilizing documentary analysis and in-depth interviewing of key informants from government institutions, related organizations, and affected people including people who live upstream and downstream of sluicegates. This study use stages of conflict to be a key of analysis of management mechanisms in three principles; authorities’ leadership, people participation, and information sharing. This study reveals that the three principles are interconnected and very important to alleviate conflict during flood response and relief where conflict occurred because of flood management rather than natural phenomenon. The leadership is the main factor that contributed and influenced to another two aspects as the leader is the key to enhance people participation and sharing of information that related to conflict and flood management. The official leaders who are in charge of disaster management must be very active and knowledgeable on their duties, especially during the time of conflict that all efforts of determination solely bear under their responsibilities. The leadership at community level is very capable and effective to conflict resolution and significantly contributed to support another two aspects as information sharing and people participation. The study has shown that the notion of people’s participation as public consultation in such measures of flood management should have done comprehensively especially during preventive phase to safeguard any impediments derived during the flood response and relief. The information sharing is a unique reason to reduce conflict, but it must be in clearly, precisely and timely manner. The Administrative Court’s order is very important to uphold the duty and responsibility of all involved parties. However, the order should be observed seriously by the public for its enforcement