Title: Particulate matter 2.5 : a case study of measures and risks in Bangkok during early 2019
Author: Mr. Thanabodee Lekprayura
Year: 2018
Keywords: Inequality, Environmental Measures, Air Pollution, Particulate Matter 2.5,, Distributional Impacts
Theme: Environmental Politics and Policy
Advisor(s): Jakkrit Sangkhamanee
The full thesis available here.
Abstract: The increased presence of particulate matter is caused by a multiplicity of factors, such as economic development, environmental degradation, and social inequality. During the first quarter of 2019, Bangkok was covered with a large amount of fine particle, known as PM2.5. Many Bangkok residents were affected, particularly in terms of their health and income. The Thai government has announced measures to cope with the problem. However, the most effective measures should not only decrease the level of particles, but should also be able to address the impacts on risk-prone groups. In this context, the vulnerable groups seem to be those placed in a marginalized position, while they are also the group that tends to be most impacted. The objective of the study aims to understand the relationship between the state measures and the multiplicity of risks among the vulnerable groups in Bangkok. In order to comprehend the complexity of the issue, this study utilizes a transdisciplinary approach to highlight the politics of government measures for different stakeholders. It analyzes the case of PM2.5 in Bangkok during 2019 through the conceptual lens of risk society and environmental inequality. The research combines different methodologies including non-participatory observation, in-depth interviews with various types of samples, and documentary research. The study found that the majority of PM2.5 in Bangkok has occurred as a result of transportation activities. Most of the measures implemented by the state in response, however, were short-term solutions that focused on limiting activities in the industrial and construction sectors, rather than pursuing long-term solutions such as improving engine and fuel standards. Among the vulnerable groups, it is found that there are many factors causing their exposure to the impact of PM2.5. These factors are: economic condition, ineffectiveness of measures in regard to economic and social dependency, cost of protection, area of state service, availability of safe accommodation, and the ability to access services and sources of necessary information.