Beyond the 'grand line' : One piece’s radical reimagining of global politics

Title: Beyond the 'grand line' : One piece’s radical reimagining of global politics

Author: Mr.Titipong Mahattanasin

Year: 2024

Keywords: One Piece, Global Politics, Radical Imagination, International Relations, Power, Freedom, Justice, Environmental Justice, Protest Movements

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Soravis Jayanama

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This thesis explores how the long-running Japanese manga One Piece functions as a radical political archive that reflects, critiques, and reimagines global politics across three historical eras. Drawing from the fields of International Relations and Development Studies, this research analyzes how the manga stages fictional yet deeply resonant struggles over power, freedom, and justice. Through close readings of key narrative arcs—Alabasta, Skypiea, Enies Lobby, Marineford, Dressrosa, and Wano—this study situates One Piece within real-world political contexts including post–Cold War liberal triumphalism, the global War on Terror, and the protest movements of the 2010s. The thesis draws upon theoretical insights from thinkers such as Bleiker, Weldes and Rowley while integrating contemporary critiques from Collette Shade, Vincent Bevins and Tom Rockmore. In tracing how characters navigate imperialism, authoritarianism, neoliberal exploitation, and environmental injustice, the thesis reveals how One Piece fosters a form of radical imagination that challenges the “End of History” narrative. Ultimately, this research contributes to the study of political storytelling by demonstrating how global popular culture can animate theoretical debate and expand the imaginative boundaries of political discourse

Ulaanbaatar's Ger District Residents : An analysis of development challenges and structural violence

Title: Ulaanbaatar's Ger District Residents : An analysis of development challenges and structural violence

Author: Mr. Timothy Shaun Jenkins

Year: 2018

Keywords: Structural Violence, Mongolia, Development

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Chantana Wungaeo

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This study investigates and researches the impact of the Government’s policy of putting the ‘economy first’ by analyzing the situation through the lens of Johan Galtung’s concept of Structural Violence. The research answers the question: How does structural violence occur in the ger districts of Ulaanbaatar under the current development challenges?In the 1990’s, after the fall of communism, the IMF and the World Bank, along with some leading political figures within the Government of Mongolia, pushed forward with their plans to bring the free market to Mongolia. The World Bank and the IMF introduced the shock-therapy approach with the aim of quickly integrating Mongolia into the global supply chain. Massive layoffs were instituted within the government and nearly all of the state-owned industries were privatized. This resulted in mass inflation, job loss, and increases in poverty. The consequences of shock therapy reverberated throughout the social landscape for decades. Today, the Government continues to heed the advice of the IMF and the World Bank by focusing on the economy and gaining the trust of foreign investors and other key partners. As a result, the economy continues to be put ahead of social issues and services, with limited consultation with those most effected: the herding populous. What this means is that a pattern of injustice has been solidified within some structures so much so that the lowest-ranking actors, in this case the rural migrants now living in the ger districts of Ulaanbaatar, were deprived not only of their respective potential, but undeniably below subsistence minimum. These policies were compounded in 2017 when the Government received a bailout from the IMF. As a result, basic social services were again slashed, and taxes rose across the country to meet the demands for the loans.This paper is particularly focused on extracting data via interviews of internal migrants originally from rural communities now living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. To support these findings, an analysis of civil society, UN reports and in-depth interviews have been conducted, as well as a review of public statements by government officials. The research has found evidence of the structural violence against migrants that have settled in the capital city who were forced to abandon their livelihoods in the countryside and retreat to the ger districts of Ulaanbaatar.This paper concludes that citizens living in the ger districts are the victims of structural violence, and that this violence takes the form of higher morbidity and mortality rates as a direct result of air pollution, limited access to basic social services, and unreasonable distances to healthcare facilities. The circumstances for this inequality are the direct result of the World Bank’s and the IMF’s “shock therapy” strategy and is further perpetuated by poor governance and the exclusion of poor communities from meaningful civic participation.

Economic security and development: the impacts of Inca Inchi contract-farming as an agricultural business model in Kachin state, Myanmar

Title: Economic security and development: the impacts of Inca Inchi contract-farming as an agricultural business model in Kachin state, Myanmar

Author: Mr. Zaw Ban

Year: 2018

Keywords: Human Security, Development, Inca Inchi Contract-Farming, Social and Economic Impacts

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: In Myanmar, Inca Inchi is one of the new economic businesses that made changes to the agriculture sector with both its advantages to the quality of life of the people and a high selling price which generates an economic benefit. This study tries to explore the overall social and economic impact that Inca Inchi contract-farming as a business model has had on the security and development specifically for the farmers who signed the contracts with the Inca Inchi companies in the Kachin state, Myanmar. Sample size in Myitkyina Township represented total population. Quantitative data collection method based on primary data collection from private company, along with qualitative method utilized opened-ended questions which were given to respondents. The findings were divided into three major parts, and each part’s conclusions was determined from records by surveys, focus groups discussion and semi-structure interviews. The primary respondents were famers who planted Inca Inchi in Kachin State, along with the other stakeholders from contracting companies, local government officers, officers from Non-Government Organizations, and local church leaders. Findings covered changes during times beginning with the premier time before the entering of Inca Inchi contract farming to villages highlighted into three economics, social, and politic situations of villages, how the business strategized and got into the villages, cost and benefits and changes that have occurred since the commencement of the contract farming into the villages. The study has revealed that even though the Inca Inchi contract farming would contribute to the over development of not only the farmers who are engaged in the Inca Inchi farming, but would benefit the larger community, which as the study has shown, had an adverse impact for the farmers who got into the Inca Inchi contract-farming due to lack of oversight from the government. Lastly, the researcher disclosed obstructions, suggested solutions, and relationship analysis among five institutions. Recommendations have been made and also suggestions that may be guided for further research on the contract-farming business model so as not to have the same situation as before for the farmers who have been involved in the Inca Inchi contract-farming. Key Words: Human Security/Development/Inca Inchi Contract-Farming/Social and Economic Impacts.

Development in Sihanoukville under Chinese influence

Title: Development in Sihanoukville under Chinese influence

Author: Mr. Tom Alexander Buehler

Year: 2018

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Nualnoi Treerat, advisor, Wasana Wongsurawat, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The coastal city of Sihanoukville in Cambodia is undergoing rapid change caused by massive Chinese industrial and real estate investments. Why Sihanoukville is the target of these investments and how these recent developments are affecting the local Cambodians has not been studied so far. Theories of neoliberalism, globalization, and foreign direct investment were used to examine the reasons for investments and conflict theory to analyze the impacts and the consequences of increasing inequality. The research used a mainly qualitative design, including interviews with people involved in the changes. Cambodia strongly welcomes foreign direct investments and at the same time urgently needs investments stimulating development. China, on the other hand, has the financial power and strong economic interests to invest in Cambodia. Sihanoukville is often chosen for these activities because it is has promising growth prospects and a very liberal investment regime. Locals often do not profit from the investments. Rents and property prices are exploding. Chinese own the majority of the businesses now, employing their own compatriots there, and often disrespecting local law. These issues are not adequately addressed by the local government and thus foster anti-Chinese sentiments. However, if the Cambodian government would ensure stricter compliance with law and put the wellbeing of the population above other interests, the long-term effects of the current transformation could improve the livelihoods of all. This also applies to other countries in the region, who could benefit from Chinese investments if a strong state would insist on sustainability and inclusiveness of their rapid growth.

Singaporean Malays' Perspectives of Income Inequality and its Impact on their Opportunities in Singapore’s Education System

Title: Singaporean Malays' Perspectives of Income Inequality and its Impact on their Opportunities in Singapore’s Education System

Author: Mr. Ngak Leng Tan

Year: 2017

Keywords: INCOME INEQUALITY, EDUCATION, MERITOCRACY, SINGAPOREAN MALAYS

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Niti Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Studies on the profile of income inequality revealed that Singaporean Malays continuously occupied the lowest income strata and fared relatively poorer in their academic performance compared to other races. In a highly competitive meritocratic education system that rewards relative merit, yet neglects how unequal backgrounds provided unfair starting points for some, such low-income Malay households may appear to be systemically disadvantaged by income inequality and their access to better education. Under these circumstances, income inequality is further perpetuated. Through the use of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, my proposed research will seek to understand how Singaporean Malays perceive such income inequality and its adverse impact on their education. In addition, this paper offers insights on what their perceptions could mean. It is hoped that these insights will complement the findings from other academics and point the way to how best engage the Malay community, to improve their lives and help them meet their aspirations despite the inherent challenges they may face and to assure them that they have an equal stake in Singapore's future

SURVIVAL OF THE INVISIBLE: ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AFRICAN URBAN REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS IN BANGKOK

Title: SURVIVAL OF THE INVISIBLE: ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AFRICAN URBAN REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS IN BANGKOK

Author: Fatma Swaleh Issa

Year: 2016

Keywords: ECONOMIC SECURITY/ COPING STRATEGIES/ INCOME, GENERATION/ FINANCIAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS/ AFRICAN URBAN REFUGEES AND, ASYLUM SEEKERS

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: In Africa the refugee crisis is still a great concern as witnessed in several countries. The crises force millions of people to flee to countries all over the world. Thailand is a not party to the 1951 Refugee Convention or the 1967 Protocol so they do not recognize refugees' status. This means that refugees in the country have a hard time trying to sustain their livelihood especially for those living outside the refugee camps. That is why this study seeks to understand the economic situation of African urban refugees and asylum seekers and what extent they can access economic security especially income generation. This study also looks at the adaptive strategies that these urban refugees and asylum seekers use and if there are any forms of financial support systems available. This is a qualitative study with data collection based on key informants' interview and observation as well as the use of secondary data. The research involved a sample of eighteen participants, 15 African urban refugees and asylum seekers and three officials from Non-Government Organizations that deal with refugees. The findings of the study on the current economic situation are most of the urban refugees had no form of employment but a few worked in the informal sector. Those without jobs have adaptive strategies such as living in groups to share costs, relied on allowance organization, charity, and social networks. Under financial support; they practiced informal lending, relied on NGOs, the UNHCR allowances, local support and religious networks

Myanmar garment industry after 2012 : trade and industrialrelations in Yangon industrial zone

Title: Myanmar garment industry after 2012 : trade and industrialrelations in Yangon industrial zone

Author: Soe, Sandar Oo

Year: 2015

Keywords: SANCTION, TRADE, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, LABOR RIGHTS, SOE SANDAR OO: MYANMAR GARMENT INDUSTRY AFTER 2012: TRADE AND, INDUSTRIALRELATIONS IN YANGON INDUSTRIAL ZONE

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Myanmar, recent reformed in political and economic has the competitive advantage of cheap labor especially in labor intensive garment sector which started in 1989 together with the country's policy of open market oriented economy. Garment sector attracted foreign companies to invest in Myanmar and became one of the major export sector employed millions of workers after the enactment of Foreign Investment Law in November 1988. In 2003, United State of America (US) blocked exports from Myanmar due to bad record of human rights and democracy. Since then, the industry began to get effect of sanctions gradually in particular falling export and unemployment. In 2012, after transforming Myanmar towards democratic country by 2010 election, US released its imported ban on Myanmar-made products. The European Union (EU) reinstated the generalized specific preference (GSP). This study look at the situation of Myanmar Garment Industry after sanction released in 2012 within the concept of industrial relations about how the government shape the political economy of the export oriented economy in accordance with the political opportunities like GSP, how labor unions protect labor rights and how employers perform to improve garment trade and to understand the situation of trade and industrial relations in industrial zone focus on the Hlaing Thar Yar industrial zone where most of the garment factories situated. This thesis shows the development of labor organization who are working towards increasing trade and improving labor rights in Myanmar. It also sees the corporation of government in negotiating between employees and employers by rules of law and legitimacy aspect towards good industrial relations practice

Tourism in Myanmar and the potential for sustainability of the lacquerware industry

Title: Tourism in Myanmar and the potential for sustainability of the lacquerware industry

Author: Zar Ni Maung

Year: 2014

Keywords: TOURISM DEVELOPMENT / LACQUERWARE INDUSTRY /, LACQUERWARE ENTREPRENEURS AND CRAFTSMEN / MYIN-KA-BAR, VILLAGE / BAGAN

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Niti Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Bagan is an ancient city which is one of Myanmar's most famous tourism sites. Most of the inhabitants of Bagan rely on tourism-related business and the town is famous for its specialty lacquerware souvenir products. Since 2011 after democratization, international tourist arrivals have increased and along with it, the demand for lacquerware. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate how tourism development influences lacquerware production, trade and socio-economic conditions of lacquerware entrepreneurs and craftsmen in Bagan before and after 2011 as well as to establish the role of the Lacquerware Technology College in sustainability of the lacquerware industry in Bagan. This thesis puts forward the hypothesis that there are both positive and negative impacts on the local lacquerware industry by the tourism industry. This study uses qualitative methods, namely key-informant interviews, focus group discussions and observational methods to collect evidence to answer the research questions. The site chosen to carry out research was Myin-Ka-Bar village, Bagan; the main production source of lacquerware in the area. Although lacquerware and its related businesses have substantially increased due to tourism there are some threats to the long-term sustainability of the industry due to the lack of interest by the younger generation of locals. This thesis concludes that without the tourism industry and its continued growth, the lacquerware industry itself would die a natural death. This research aims to demonstrate the influence of tourism development on lacquerware production, trade, and the economic and social conditions of lacquerware entrepreneurs and artisans in Bagan before and after 2011. Furthermore, it aims to study the impact of tourism on the related lacquerware business and the role of the Lacquerware Technology College in ensuring the sustainability of the lacquerware industry in Bagan. Bagan, an ancient city located in northern Myanmar, is one of the country's most famous tourist destinations, known for its more than 2,000 ancient sites and pagodas dating back to the 11th century. The city's inhabitants largely relied on tourism-related businesses, and it is renowned both nationally and internationally for its production of lacquerware souvenirs. In 2011, the number of tourists increased due to Myanmar's democratization, impacting Bagan as well. As a result, the demand for lacquerware souvenirs increased, suggesting that the entire regional lacquerware trade depends on tourist numbers. The bamboo and resin-dyed lacquerware business improved after 2011 as a result of tourism development. Despite the development of the lacquerware business, there remains relatively low interest among younger locals in joining the industry, and it is unclear how it can be managed to become a sustainable industry while demand continues to rise. Small-scale lacquerware entrepreneurs were unable to sell their products directly to tourists. They relied on large, roadside lacquerware shops with easy access to tourists. These large shops not only produced their own goods but also purchased lacquerware souvenirs from small villagers through middlemen because their own production couldn't meet the high demand during the tourist season. Even though both large and small entrepreneurs lived in the same village or nearby areas, the small-scale entrepreneurs were heavily reliant on middlemen for sales. The demand for lacquerware souvenirs increased significantly after 2011, resulting in full employment for village artisans. Before 2011, the tourism industry was unstable, leading to low employment and unemployment among artisans, forcing them to migrate elsewhere or seek alternative work in Bagan. After 2011, they no longer needed to seek other employment because the increased demand for lacquerware souvenirs created more job opportunities and better offers for lacquerware artisans. A lacquerware training school, established in Bagan during the British colonial era, was upgraded to a Lacquerware Technology College, providing training not only in Bagan but also throughout rural Myanmar. This study employed qualitative research methods, including purposive interviews, focus group discussions, and observation, to collect data and gather evidence to answer the research questions. This thesis uses the assumption that tourism has both positive and negative impacts on the local lacquerware industry. However, the research concludes that without tourism and its continued growth, the lacquerware industry would naturally decline. Keywords: Tourism development, lacquerware industry, craftsmen and investors in the lacquerware business, Myankabar Village, Bagan, Pagan.

Infrastructure development by using Public - Private Partnership (PPP) policy : A case study of Yangon International Airport Expansion, Myanmar

Title: Infrastructure development by using Public - Private Partnership (PPP) policy : A case study of Yangon International Airport Expansion, Myanmar

Author: Nwe Ni Win Kyaw

Year: 2014

Keywords: INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT / PPP POLICY /, ACCOUNTABILITY / TRANSPARENCY

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Prakorn Siriprakob

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Infrastructure development is crucial to economic development of developing countries. Due to the financial, technical and management facilities are lacking, many countries have undertaken infrastructure development projects via smart partnerships with the international or private organizations. Such partnership where the private sector engages in public assets is called Public- Private Partnership (PPP). The new civilian government of Myanmar has embarked on a PPP policy to develop local infrastructure and encourage growth. In line with its PPP policy, this is the expansion project of Yangon International Airport (YIA), one of the major transport gateways in Myanmar. This research focused on the transparency and accountability of government regulations and procedures in PPP projects using the case-study of YIA. The objectives of research are to analyze the development of YIA and to estimate the project risks under the current PPP practices.The research used qualitative method to obtain data using document analysis as well as via interviews with relevant stakeholders such as technical experts from aviation units, government's authority, airport users and shared private companies. The expansion for YIA is one the first projects using PPP policy in Myanmar. This PPP programme will be started before the end of 2014 for reconstruction, expansion, operations, management and maintenance work. There are the findings of negative points in YIA such as unclear tender selection, poor regulations and procedure delaying. But it has also good point that the policy is moving towards international practices .So, the research is able to determine that the current PPP policy is beneficial to YIA development but there weaknesses in terms of implementation of the regulations and procedures. It is hoped that this research can contribute important data on lessons learnt for future PPP projects especially in the airport infrastructure development field of Myanmar

Exploring the unexplored paradise, tourism industry in Northeast Indian States : prospects and problems

Title: Exploring the unexplored paradise, tourism industry in Northeast Indian States : prospects and problems

Author: Junty Sharma Pathak

Year: 2014

Keywords: TOURISM / DEVELOPMENT / POTENTIALS / POLICY

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Niti Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Despite being endowed with huge untapped natural resources the North Eastern region of India for most of its post-independence history has been primarily perceived within security paradigms. This has resulted in major negligence of its development and self-sustainability while its economic potentials have remained unexploited. Consequently, the region is plagued with multiple issues of political instability, poverty, maladministration and is yet to gain freedom from wants, hunger, unemployment and exploitation. Thus, this paper argues for the need of an alternate model of development for the region interlinking purposes of ‘security’ and ‘development’. In this context the paper analyses the potentials and benefits of promoting tourism and argues that tourism can be an effective policy option to meet special development needs and to remove major sources of ‘unfreedom’ from human lives in the region, especially because of wide untapped comparative advantages in the sector and its inherent multiplier effect on development. Primarily a qualitative study, data was collected through interviewing key informants and from extensive literature review, which reveals that there is ample scope in the region to develop new tourism products (notably tea tourism, golf tourism, wild life/eco/ adventure tourism, cultural/pilgrim tourism, rural tourism, river cruise tourism, medical tourism, defence tourism & world war II Trail / circuits) not only regionally but also through a model of cross border tourism with Myanmar, taking advantages of shared ties and its geo political location to meet present economic and development challenges. As a key priority of the research is to provide recommendations, the paper suggests that Northeast should adopt an integrated regional tourism policy with core ideas of ‘sustainable tourism’ and ‘people’s participation’, the tourism development policy should necessarily be organized on a ‘developmental perspective’ rather than the present ‘attraction centric approach’, the policy should converge with Myanmar’s tourism policies to build on listed potentials among other recommendations to help in formulating suitable tourism policies for the region to bring much-needed development as is hoped for

The psychological impacts of urban development on urban poverty : a case-study of Pharam 3 Community in Bangkok

Title: The psychological impacts of urban development on urban poverty : a case-study of Pharam 3 Community in Bangkok

Author: Gorawan Guntawong

Year: 2013

Keywords: URBAN POVERTY / URBAN PSYCHOLOGY / PSYCHOLOGY OF POVERTY/ PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Pitch Pongsawat

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This paper advocates for increased collaboration between urban psychologists and development practitioners who work with low-income people to enhance the understanding of the political economy of urban poverty when developing poverty alleviation programs. Drawing on the “the psychology of poverty” and the “theory of socio-economic development”, this paper investigates the narratives of 17 low-income women in the Pharam 3 community. Their experiences and psychological impact as participants of a slum-upgrading project and their life as an urban poor individual in Bangkok were collected using in-depth interviews. Each interview were transcribed, reviewed and coded according to units of meaning that is related to the phenomenon that is being investigated. The findings indicated that despite the success of the slum upgrading project in empowering the people within this community, it is evident that societal pressures from the individual’s life settings can influence decision making processes. Therefore the “psychology of poverty” can be an underlying factor that can lead to unsustainable decision-making which can impact the sustainability of poverty alleviation programs.

The role of local ombudsman committee in promoting good governance : a case study of the local public ombudsman in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Title: The role of local ombudsman committee in promoting good governance : a case study of the local public ombudsman in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Author: Fransiskus Adrian Tarmedi

Year: 2012

Keywords: OMBUDSMAN/ LOCAL OMBUDSMAN COMMITTEE/ GOOD GOVERNANCE/ DECENTRALIZATION/ LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Pitch Pongsawat, advisor, Nualnoi Treerat, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Nowadays, good governance has become an important issue to be discussed within the international development framework. Many developing countries try to implement good governance principles through many forms; one of them is to establish ombudsman committees. An ombudsman committee is an institution which functions to monitor public service deliverance from government agencies to the society through the form of external complaint handling system. In principles, ombudsman is neutral, independent, and no other parties can interfere. The function of public service monitoring itself is to keep the balance of the rights of citizens as public service clients and the obligation of government in conducting clean and good governance. This research focuses on the role and activities of ombudsman as an institution and also as a development agent which promotes good governance with a case study of local public ombudsman in Yogyakarta. The objectives of this research are to describe the decentralization process of public service monitoring to the local level, to identify the relations between two ombudsman systems in Indonesia which take forms of national ombudsman (NO) and local ombudsman committee (LOC) while trying to understand the problems and challenges being faced within the context of good governance and public service deliverance, and to analyze the role of local public ombudsman in local and national development framework. The research uses qualitative methods to gather data using reports, document analysis, semi-structured and in-depth interviews using key respondents from relevant stakeholders involved on the issue. Various perspectives were gathered from local public ombudsman, national ombudsman, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, the academic community and mass media of Yogyakarta. The research finds out that LOC could be seen as a breakthrough within national development framework. Some of the problems being faced are the limitation of human resources and operational budget and the shift in national policies which affect the existence of some LOCs. People who use the service of ombudsman find that the presence of ombudsman in society helps them to claim their rights, get a settlement through mediation, and receive an informal legal consultation. It is hoped that the role of LOC in ensuring good governance practices will bring social justice which will contribute to development of local society.

Powers of exclusion : a case study of economic land concessions in Koh Kong, Cambodia

Title: Powers of exclusion : a case study of economic land concessions in Koh Kong, Cambodia

Author: John Lowell Cherry

Year: 2012

Keywords: LAND TENURE / CAMBODIA / POWER, / EXCLUSION / ECONOMIC LAND CONCESSION / MARKET

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Carl Middleton

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Land tenure has recently emerged as one of the most controversial political issues in Cambodia. This is due to the rampant wave of Economic Land Concessions (ELC) granted by the government that has accelerated in recent years. This paper examines the process of change in land tenure in Cambodia through a case study of the ELC granted to the Koh Kong Sugar Co., Ltd. to cultivate sugar cane in Srae Ambel district, Koh Kong province, and how it continues to affect 220 families who seek justice and compensation for nearly 1,500 hectares of land they no longer have access to that they had previously depended on for their livelihoods. The study uses the conceptual framework of the powers of exclusion to analyze the process of change in land tenure that took place, namely the powers of the market, regulation, force, and legitimation. Ethnographic interviews of people affected by the change in land tenure were conducted to collect data from which to measure the different powers at play. The research determined that the powers of exclusion played an important role in the process of the change in land tenure and that these powers are deeply intertwined. Moreover, the research found that depending on the scale at which the process is examined, one power may be more predominant than the others. The study also discovered that access to information plays a critical role in the process of change in land tenure and that it can also influence exclusion from land just as the other powers. In the case study Cambodia’s tumultuous history, weak rule of law and the lure to profit in a large-scale agro-industrial scheme converge to drive the change in land tenure. Despite this, counter-veiling powers were applied by NGOs and the community to challenge exclusion from land through the court in Cambodia, Thailand’s National Human Rights Committee, and other international accountability mechanisms.

Sustainability and outreach of a Kachin Church microfinance institution in Burma /

Title: Sustainability and outreach of a Kachin Church microfinance institution in Burma /

Author: Seng Nu Pan

Year: 2010

Keywords: MICROFINANCE, SUSTAINABILITY/OUTREACH/SOCIAL, CAPITAL

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Carl Middleton

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: There is increasing interest in Muhammad Yunusâs Grameen Bank microfinance model as a means of addressing the needs of Burmaâs poverty, but there have been no studies of locally led micro-finance institutions (MFIs) in Burma. This study assesses the sustainability and outreach of a church-run microfinance institution in northern Burma bringing to the fore borrowersâ perspectives on impacts by examining the tensions between sustainability and outreach, and the influence of church social capital. The credit union is operationally sustainable but it is not financially sustainable due to poor management, weak organizational structure, inappropriate loan methodology, imperfect information, borrower deception, Kachin cultural values about small income-generating activities, and the broader political and economic environment in Burma. The study finds that the credit union faces a trade-off between sustainability and its outreach to the poor. It attains only 30% repayment rates as most borrowers, particularly the poor often use their loans for consumption rather than generation incomes leaving them entrenched in debt rather than helping them escape from poverty. The role of church social capital in sustainability and outreach is complex as it can facilitate outreach and compromise repayment rates. Yet despite its imperfections, the credit union does help alleviate the poverty of some church members by allowing them to develop human capital and financing micro-enterprises. Church members consider it the best provider of financial services in their locale.

Pro-Poor tourism in Kerala, South India : policy implementation and impacts

Title: Pro-Poor tourism in Kerala, South India : policy implementation and impacts

Author: Thibault Michot

Year: 2009

Keywords: PRO-POOR, TOURISM, RESPONSIBILITY, KERALA, POLICY,, IMPLEMENTATION

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Nantana Gajaseni

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Nowadays the world is coming through a worldwide economic crisis. Meanwhile the tourism industry is still expected to keep booming at an impressive rate of almost 10%, and the figure of 1 billion international travelers will probably be hit in 2010. Therefore, this sector has consequent impacts on people's lives, especially in developing countries where tourism is seen as a great opportunity to generate income. However, because of the way the industry is ruled, tourism did not bring economic benefit that much to local communities. In many ways, tourism has been harmful not only to the environment, but also to social structures. It is clear that the authorities must redesign their tourism policies toward a more sustainable and responsible direction. The state of Kerala in India is aware of the issues generated by tourism and claims to be a pioneer in designing tourism policies that benefit the poor. Therefore, this study has the objectives to: (a) conduct an evaluation to see what is actually pro-poor in the policy recently implemented by the Kerala Department of Tourism; (b) assess what impacts these policies have on the peoples' lives; and (c) explore the possibility to replicate the model of Kerala to other destinations. The results showed that Kerala's new tourism policies are truly innovative. Under what is called "Responsible Tourism Initiative", there are definitely measures designed to achieve poverty alleviation through tourism activities. Kerala is paying attention to respect the Pro-Poor Tourism principles; and although it takes time to see the efficiency of policies on the field, the pilot project of Kumarakom already showed positive outcomes on economic and social empowerment of the local community. On the other hand, the possibility to replicate what is ongoing in Kerala seems more questionable regarding the state apparently benefited from a set of very favorable initial conditions that may not be possible to find anywhere else.

Does it deliver? an analysis of the sustainable development benefits from clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in Thailand

Title: Does it deliver? an analysis of the sustainable development benefits from clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in Thailand

Author: Naomi J. Swickard

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Sopitsuda Tongsopit

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Over the last decade a growing consensus has emerged to address climate change, and international agreements on the regulation of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses (GHGs), namely the Kyoto Protocol, have come into full effect. Under the Kyoto protocol, developed countries agreed to reduce emissions of GHGs by an average of 5% of 1990 levels by 2012. Three mechanisms were set up, including the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which allows Annex 1 (developed) countries to source a percentage of their emission reductions within developing countries. The goals of this were to allow countries to purchase emission reductions at the lowest possible cost while contributing to sustainable development in the host country. However, the CDM has come under fire for not living up to its claims. Both the emission reduction claims and sustainable development benefits have been questioned. Each developing country under the CDM sets its own requirements for fulfilling sustainable development requirements that are inline with its development priorities. Thailand has relatively more strict requirements than many other countries, and this study analyzes whether these requirements have contributed to greater development benefits from CDM projects in Thailand. Through analysis of project design documents (PDDs) and interviews with private sector project developers, local stakeholders, and public sector actors, results show that while projects have contributed somewhat to local sustainable development, these benefits are constrained by a number of factors, including their small-scale, market effects, and by policy challenges.

Building for the future : a framework for sustainable road construction in Lao PDR

Title: Building for the future : a framework for sustainable road construction in Lao PDR

Author: Kalina, Marc

Year: 2008

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Rosalia Sciortino, Surichai Wun'Gaeo

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to propose a framework for sustainable infrastructure development in the Greater Mekong Subregion, learning from the experience of road construction in Lao PDR. The main research question is to discover what knowledge can we glean from past infrastructure development in the Greater Mekong Subregion and Lao PDR which would facilitate the creation of a more sustainable development model. The information used in this study was gathered through extensive literature research in addition to interviews with key actors involved with the construction and monitoring of Highway 9 in Southern Lao PDR. Analysis of both infrastructure and sustainable development reaffirms the value of infrastructure towards the improvement of human welfare, yet points out its deficiencies, notably its strain on the natural environment. Furthermore, the concept of sustainable development, with a definition that focuses on maintenance of the natural capital stock, is explored, which appears to be an attractive path towards mitigating infrastructures harmful side-effects. Additionally, the case study of road construction in Southern Lao PDR illustrates the environmental impacts of this development, with a focus on specific deficiencies within the construction process. Based on both the literature analysis and case study a framework for sustainable infrastructure development is presented. This framework focuses on the four dimensions of a project, as observed in the case study: Sound planning, sound implementation, effective monitoring, and accountability. Recommendations are presented which would introduce the maxim of sustainable development to each development phase. Examples of these recommendations include: Environmental valuation and cost-benefits analyses in the assessment and planning stage, increased monitoring by governmental regulatory agencies, and a transparent bidding process to counter corruption

State policy on small and medium enterprises (SMEs): a case study of morally sensitive enterprises in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City

Title: State policy on small and medium enterprises (SMEs): a case study of morally sensitive enterprises in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City

Author: Xuan Minh Le

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Preecha Kuwinpant

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Vietnam's economic transition to a market economy and its integration into the global economy has significantly impacted private sector participation in the country, as evidenced by a 95% increase in the number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A major challenge for SMEs, particularly those deemed "morally sensitive," is the obstacle they face in obtaining business licenses in Ho Chi Minh City. This research aims to study the factors affecting the application for business licenses for "morally sensitive" SMEs within the context of the market economy transition and WTO regulations. The study found that, in practice, the process of registering such businesses is complex, lacks transparency, and is illogical. Furthermore, it revealed that government officials held views and ideologies opposed to registration, contradicting the study's hypothesis. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the policy failed due to several reasons: 1) Bias among conservative government officials who opposed "morally sensitive" businesses; 2) Misinterpretation of the policy by lower-level officials; 3) Lack of public understanding of business registration regulations; and 4) Prejudiced views of the public and media towards private businesses. Overall, it can be said that, in the context of the transition to a market economy and integration into the global economy, the failure of this policy stems from the conflict between the principles of a market economy and the ethical principles of society. Finally, the authors suggest that researchers studying the implementation of this policy in Vietnam should place greater emphasis on the roles and responsibilities of lower-level government officials. Thanks to the transformation to market economy and international integration of Vietnam, the role of private sector takes a vital part in the economy, in which SMEs take over 95% of the total number. However, despite their significant contribution, SMEs working in “sensitive” services still have faced many obstacles when obtaining the business registration certificate in Ho Chi Minh City. The purpose of the research is to study the factors influence issuance of business registration certificate for “sensitive” SMEs in the context of Vietnam's transformation to market economy and WTO penetration. Findings from the study prove that issuance of business registration certificate for sensitive enterprise is complicated, non-transparent, and unreasonable. Especially, contrary to the hypothesis, the study finds various opposite viewpoints of officials due to their ideology. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that this policy failed due to some reasons: (i) bias of conservative officials against “sensitive” businesses; (ii) inadequate interpretation of the policy by street-level bureaucrats; (iii) poor knowledge of the public about regulations on the business registration; (iv) traditional prejudice of the public perception as well as mass media towards private sector. Overall, in the context of economic transition and global integration, two conflict principles market economy versus social morality also contribute to the policy failure. Last but not least, in order to close this research, the author recommended prospective researches researchers pay much more attention to actions and the role of street-level bureaucrats when studying policy implementation in Vietnam.

Global market pressures and corporate social responsibility : A case study of electrical and electronic manufacturers in Thailand

Title: Global market pressures and corporate social responsibility : A case study of electrical and electronic manufacturers in Thailand

Author: Rojanayol Vongsuksiri

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Vira Somboon, advisor, Matthew Chadwick, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be seen as a critical element in supporting the sustainable development of Thailand, specifically within the scope of environmental protection and conservation. The objective of this thesis is to identify the driving force of CSR in Thailand through an analysis of the Electrical and Electronic (EE) sector, including the perspective and rationale of business owners in implementing CSR policies, and to determine what motivates their businesses in Thailand to practice CSR and the difficulties they encounter. Five large manufacturers with a minimum of seventy percent export of total production were selected for case studies. Three have prominent environmental management and CSR practices and two had ambiguous CSR practices. The research found that each of the four key players, i.e. the Government, civil society, buyers and manufacturers influence CSR at different levels. At the international level, stringent government regulations mandate industries to operate with minimal impact on the environment. Social pressure from consumers demanding ‘green’ products oblige businesses to be socially and environmentally responsible. However, at regional and national levels there is relatively weak regulation enforcement by governments to put pressure on the private sector to implement CSR. Furthermore, Thai consumers appear to have little awareness of environmental problems and the role of purchasing power in creating social pressure for environmentally-friendly products. However, the existence of an economy that is export-driven means that many manufactures and businesses are inevitably subject to the rules and regulations of importing markets and international buyers. Amid increasing competition it is imperative to meet the requirements of customers and consumers. In sum, the research found that global market pressures from international markets are a main CSR driving force in Thailand. With the lack of domestic government support in certain cases, financial means to implement CSR policies and environmental management appears to be the main obstacle to their general adoption.

Implications of the One Tambon One Product policy on sustainable development in Thailand

Title: Implications of the One Tambon One Product policy on sustainable development in Thailand

Author: Devraj Rangsit

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Surichai Wun'Gaeo

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The goals of the One Tambon One Product (OTOP) project under the government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra are often linked to Thailand's theory of sustainable development due to its ability to drive three key processes: 1) decentralization of local governance nationwide (at the village, sub-district, and provincial levels), 2) promotion of community participation in local governance and development, and 3) job/income generation within communities. This thesis aims to analyze: 1. The linkage of the OTOP policy to Thailand's theory of sustainable development; and 2. Comparing the differences in operational principles and success indicators between the OTOP policy and the private sector operating under the principles of Fairtrade. The research methodology includes analyzing documents related to project success assessment and interviewing officials from the National Research Council of Thailand and representatives from private sector organizations operating under Fairtrade principles to compare the differences in success assessment and guiding criteria for producers under both projects. The findings indicate that the income generated by the OTOP policy comes from the private sector, or private sector entities registered as community producers. Quantitative indicators of community potential development or equitable income distribution cannot be used as a measure of the policy's success. Using quantitative figures without considering qualitative impacts or fairness in trade (or employment) may reflect a policy that focuses solely on quantitative (economic) outcomes without regard for social or biological impacts, contrary to the principles of sustainable development. Furthermore, it can be concluded that for the project to effectively promote development and income enhancement according to the principles of sustainable development, it may be necessary to clearly categorize participating producers and control their operating conditions. This approach could help transform the One Tambon One Product policy into a tangible solution for community potential development and income generation, contrasting with the current focus on supporting small-scale producers (without categorizing them) and prioritizing sales figures per province without considering the community's impact. The One Tambon One Product (OTOP) policy under the Thaksin government was meant to be an initiator of SD through Thailand's decentralization process, the empowerment of local communities and employment creation and income diversification within local vicinities. The objectives of this thesis are as follows: Firstly, to clarify OTOP's conceptual implication to the notion of Sustainable Development in Thailand. Secondly, to identify the differences between the operating principles of OTOP and the Fair trade movement, and their implication towards the enabling of SD and community empowerment. The methodologies employed are structured interviews of key informants supported with the assessment of data from reports and past evaluation of OTOP as part of the comparative analysis. Informants included staffs from the National Research Council of Thailand and the managerial personnel of a Fair trade organization in Thailand. The findings are: Through the comparative analysis of OTOP's current operating principles with principles employed by the Fair trade organizations, the revenue generated through OTOP, despite of its high volume does not contribute towards the enabling of the policy's stated objectives. Implementation of OTOP lacks the disaggregate differentiation between the various types of producers involved as well as the fact that overwhelming emphasis is given to the volume of trade rather than the quality of trade conducted or the extent of the community learning process enabled. Recommendations: In order for OTOP to be an effective instigator of sustainable economic growth and community empowerment, there is an essential need for the differentiation between the types of producers endorsed. Equally important OTOP's current strategic objective of trade maximization should be replaced with the need for increased emphasis on 'customer education' and 'ethical consumption'.