Irregular Burmese migrants in Malaysia : A case study of Chin people

Title: Irregular Burmese migrants in Malaysia : A case study of Chin people

Author: Khen Suan Khai

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Pornpimon Trichot, advisor, Narumon Thabchumpon, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Burmese people have been migrating to Malaysia since early 1990s. Socio-political-economic pressure pulls the Chin migrant workers from Burma to come into Malaysia rather than India and Thailand for better network in Malaysia as well as to shun from direct deportation to home country. Amidst Malaysia government’s violation of migration rights, resettlement from Malaysia to third countries plays critical role in migration to Malaysia. The largest irregular migrant populations from Burma, besides economic factors, ethnic and religious discrimination are the main factors that push Chin people to migrate out of Chin State. Low income, dependency on other migrants, assistance from community based groups, and support from friends in third countries help Chin people to survive amidst destitution in Malaysia. Being only a State Party to only two of international human rights instruments: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and has not ratified the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICPMW), and has not signed the 1951 Refugee Convention, both refugees and irregular migrants are illegal. This research has tried to classify and enrich understanding about the authentic situation of irregular Chin migrants from Burma, their experiences and working conditions in Malaysia and related consequences. It has exposed the push and pull factors of Chin people’s migration to Malaysia irregularly, and has identified working environments, economic situation and social welfare conditions of irregular Chin migrants in Malaysia too understand irregular Chin migrants’ survival strategies. The research unveils that no policy protects Chin irregular migrants in Malaysia that they are in a risk situation.

Challenges to the rights to education in Myanmar : The roles of civil society and monastic schools

Title: Challenges to the rights to education in Myanmar : The roles of civil society and monastic schools

Author: Sandar Kyaw

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Education

Advisor(s): Hayes, Michael George, advisor, Naruemon Thabchumpon, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Although the Myanmar education system has been continuously deteriorated in terms of accessibility and quality, education still remains as one of the first priorities for the people. As a result, when a high dropout rate - before the students finish their education in primary schools—is approximately at 50 percent, several non-profit and civil society organizations have been bridging the gap of accessibility and quality in education. Along with the organizations, monastic schools play an important role in providing education as well. The main objective of the study is to analyze the civil society activities trying to meet the Right to Education in Myanmar. The research is conducted at two schools: Phaung Daw oo and Oo Bo Monastic schhols in Aung Mye Tha Zan Township of Mandalay, where the semi-structured open questions are used and 69 subjects were interviewed. The study finds influential factors having both positive and negative ways for the civil society organizations to implement the Right to Education. In terms of the positive factors, particularly, the recognition of the monastic schools makes better implementation for civil society organizations and monastic schools so that they can fulfill the right to access to education. The Child Centered Approach and its methodology are currently being introduced in the country to accomplish the best interest of the children. Nonetheless, a number of challenges are also found in the study. There is resource constraint in term of teacher capacity and support and the lack of infrastructures and resources. As well, insufficient capacity, lack of knowledge on the Right to Education, and the wrong conceptualization on Child Centered Approach stimulate the government to issue policies restricting the activities of monastic schools. That points out the barrier preventing the country to meet the Right to Education since the monastic schools are there for ensuring the access to education to the Myanmar children. The study concludes that although there are a number of influential factors, they are associated with challenges that can conquered it the government is willing to improve its policies on education.

Re-evaluating "Pro-Poor": A Model for Monitoring the Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand

Title: Re-evaluating "Pro-Poor": A Model for Monitoring the Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand

Author: Ben Harkins

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Social Welfare

Advisor(s): Jiruth Sriratanaban

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Thailand has a per capita GDP of approximately $6,600 (PPP). Although Thailand faced challenges stemming from the Asian economic crisis during the implementation of the universal health coverage (gold card) system, it has managed to maintain its universal health coverage plan for the Thai population since 2001. However, the current universal health coverage system comprises three state-provided health insurance schemes, each with unequal benefits. This historical inequality in healthcare within Thailand has led to efforts to establish a universal health coverage system and monitor and evaluate the quality of treatment for the poor, ensuring that all Thais receive comprehensive healthcare services. The primary objective of this thesis is to create a conceptual model for monitoring the performance of the universal health coverage system, analyzing data from questionnaires, interviews, and observations of direct stakeholders, examining public health databases, and studying the theoretical framework using development and social science concepts rather than focusing solely on quantitative economic analysis. A study of universal health insurance systems reveals that indicators of the effectiveness of programs for the poor should go beyond mere quantitative economic measures. While the study highlights that stakeholders prioritize financial burden reduction, they also acknowledge the overwork of program staff, inadequate funding, and issues with the quality of patient care. Furthermore, economic evaluations focus on the successful transfer of the financial burden away from the poor, neglecting the significant burden placed on public hospitals and healthcare workers. Additionally, there are no suitable economic indicators for assessing the value of receiving quality services and care. The research suggests the need for more comprehensive and conceptually advanced performance indicators for monitoring and evaluation, leading to standardized and high-quality assessments that can effectively identify and address problems within the program. The Nation of Thailand, which had a GDP per capita of approximately $6,600 (PPP) at the time and was still struggling to recover from the crippling effects of the Asian Financial Crisis, was able to implement a universal coverage program for its citizens with a fairly comprehensive benefits package in 2001. However, the current system for universal health coverage in Thailand is a patchwork of 3 separate and unequal public health insurance schemes. Given the equality in the Thai health system that preceded the Universal Coverage Scheme, monitoring of the program for pro-poor qualities is a critical aspect of ensuring that the Scheme meets its goal of providing universal access to high-quality healthcare for all. The primary objective of this research was to construct a conceptual model for pro-poor monitoring of the Universal Coverage Scheme based upon survey of frontline stakeholders, key informant interview, participant observation, review of health system data, and a theoretical framework based on development and sociological concepts rather than the more heavily emphasized quantitative health economic analytics. The results of the research appear to show that pro-poor monitoring indicators should be expanded beyond quantitative economic measures. Although the research did indicate that UC Scheme stakeholders are concerned about economic impacts and characteristics, it also revealed their strong concerns with heavy staff workloads, underfunding of services, and quality of care provided. While the health economic evaluations of the Scheme have accentuated the successful shift of the financial burden of care from the poor, they have been less revealing about the fact that much of that burden has fallen on public health facilities and their staff. In addition, there are no econometric indicators appropriate for determining the value of receiving high quality care when medically necessary. The results appear to indicate that additional metrics should be included in the monitoring model to help address these issues.

Does it deliver? an analysis of the sustainable development benefits from clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in Thailand

Title: Does it deliver? an analysis of the sustainable development benefits from clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in Thailand

Author: Naomi J. Swickard

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Sopitsuda Tongsopit

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Over the last decade a growing consensus has emerged to address climate change, and international agreements on the regulation of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses (GHGs), namely the Kyoto Protocol, have come into full effect. Under the Kyoto protocol, developed countries agreed to reduce emissions of GHGs by an average of 5% of 1990 levels by 2012. Three mechanisms were set up, including the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which allows Annex 1 (developed) countries to source a percentage of their emission reductions within developing countries. The goals of this were to allow countries to purchase emission reductions at the lowest possible cost while contributing to sustainable development in the host country. However, the CDM has come under fire for not living up to its claims. Both the emission reduction claims and sustainable development benefits have been questioned. Each developing country under the CDM sets its own requirements for fulfilling sustainable development requirements that are inline with its development priorities. Thailand has relatively more strict requirements than many other countries, and this study analyzes whether these requirements have contributed to greater development benefits from CDM projects in Thailand. Through analysis of project design documents (PDDs) and interviews with private sector project developers, local stakeholders, and public sector actors, results show that while projects have contributed somewhat to local sustainable development, these benefits are constrained by a number of factors, including their small-scale, market effects, and by policy challenges.

Palm oil plantations in Indonesia : government policy and its impact on indigenous peoples in West Kalimantan Province

Title: Palm oil plantations in Indonesia : government policy and its impact on indigenous peoples in West Kalimantan Province

Author: Rukka Sombolinggi

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Environmental Politics and Policy

Advisor(s): Vira Somboon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This study is about the challenges faced by indigenous peoples in globalization era where modernization and development are inevitable making indigenous peoples among the most vulnerable sections of society. Land, territory and resources that are considered sacred, part of their identity and cultural integrity are at stake. Therefore, they need protections to ensure continuity of their very existence. This research focuses on land acquisition process for palm oil plantations and its impacts on the life of indigenous peoples in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study tries to find out how the government policymaking process carried out in West Kalimantan’s palm oil plantation and what are the impacts of government policy on palm oil plantations to the indigenous peoples in West Kalimantan? It is found that the conditional recognition on the rights of indigenous peoples within the Indonesia’s legal framework has caused problems around 1) land, culture and identity; 2) food security and livelihood; 3) water resources; 4) criminalization of indigenous leaders and costly justice; 5) the loss of sacred sites and; 6) indigenous women. The study recommends a reform in the national laws and policy to be consistent with international standard to ensure the protection of indigenous peoples and further prevent them from social exclusion and discrimination.

Repatriation from Thailand to Myanmar of trafficked children = The process of returning victims of child trafficking from Thailand to Myanmar

Title: Repatriation from Thailand to Myanmar of trafficked children = The process of returning victims of child trafficking from Thailand to Myanmar

Author: San Latt Phyu

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Supang Chantavanich, advisor, Huguet, Jerrold W., co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Repatriation process is regarded as the last stage of the protection program for the trafficked persons. It is the stage that has more human interaction and personal contact between the caregivers and the receivers. Trafficked children, in particular, have vulnerability as they still need to depend on others for their well-being. Therefore, there are special provisions and specific legislation both international and national based on human rights principles to protect the children during the repatriation process. It is important to apply the rights-based approach to trafficked children when the care givers help them to redress their human rights and reduce the barriers to apply such approach at the hands of caregivers. As there is still an argument in defining what is repatriation and reintegration, the findings first presented the different interpretations from different caregivers. Then, it describes the repatriation process starting from victim identification, care and supporting programs at Baan Kredtrakarn shelter including vocational training, health care, psycho-social support and legal assistance in Thailand and analyzed the degree of application of rights-based approach in accordance with the national and international guidelines. The continued process in Myanmar is explained briefly together with the family tracing process and the challenges in Myanmar. Throughout the presentation of research findings, the three evaluating factors in rights-based approach which are the accountability, equality and non-discrimination, and participation were used to analyze the current practices in the process of repatriation. It was found out that the rights-based approach has been partially addressed in the current repatriation process. The accountability, equality and non-discrimination, and participation are applied in the aspects of i) cooperating with civil society organizations for effective protection, ii) having multidisciplinary team, iii) providing measures in Thai laws and bilateral MOU for faster repatriation, iv) providing same legal assistance regardless of nationality, v) keeping the best interest of the children in the legal process and maintaining confidentiality in the family tracing process. On the other hand, the three main principles are needed to enhance in the following areas because of i) different interpretations for repatriation and reintegration, ii) the limited channels for the participation from the children, iii) corrupted officials in the legal process and some Thai officials' negative attitudes towards migrant workers, iv) resource constraints for individual care, v) lack of alternative option for the children who do not pass the nationality confirmation. The repatriation process is the final step in the protection program for victims of human trafficking. This step emphasizes the interaction between caregivers and victims, particularly girls who are often trafficked and dependent on others for a better life. Therefore, special requirements and laws, both international and national, concerning human rights, are in place to protect victims during the repatriation process. A rights-based approach is appropriate to help ensure that children receive their human rights and to reduce obstacles faced by caregivers in providing protection. Preliminary findings reveal differing understandings of the meaning of repatriation and social integration. The first difference is evident in the varying perceptions of repatriation among caregivers. The repatriation process in Thailand includes victim identification, shelter care and assistance at Baan Kret Trakarn, vocational training, healthcare, social and psychological support, and legal assistance. The repatriation process is analyzed using a rights-based approach, considering national and international laws. The ongoing process in Myanmar involves locating the victims' families and addressing various obstacles encountered there. The analysis of victim rights protection considers three factors: accountability, equality, and non-discrimination. Research has found that victim-centered protection is not currently fully implemented. While it is partially applied in the repatriation process, particularly in terms of accountability, non-discrimination, equality, and non-discrimination, it was observed that protection is demonstrated in: 1) effective collaboration with civil society organizations in victim protection; 2) the use of multidisciplinary teams; 3) provisions in Thai law and bilateral Thai-Myanmar agreements for expedited repatriation; 4) equal access to legal assistance for victims of all nationalities; and 5) prioritizing the best interests of the child in the justice process and maintaining confidentiality in tracking victims' families. However, some steps in the repatriation process should see greater application of victim-centered protection, including: 1) differing interpretations of the term "repatriation" and its integration into society by various stakeholders; 2) limited avenues for child participation in the repatriation process; 3) corruption within the legal process and negative attitudes of some Thai officials towards migrant workers; 4) limited budgets for victim care; and 5) the lack of alternative options for children who have not yet had their Myanmar national identification numbers verified by the Myanmar government.

Disaster diplomacy : a case study of the tripartite core group's post-nargis humanitarian assistance in Myanmar

Title: Disaster diplomacy : a case study of the tripartite core group's post-nargis humanitarian assistance in Myanmar

Author: Dalina Prasertsri

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Disaster and Crisis Management

Advisor(s): Puangthong Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: On 2 May 2008 the devastating Cyclone Nargis hit Myanmar, causing over 140,000 deaths and affecting about 2.4 million people in the country. Despite the desperate situation, the Government of Myanmar refused the humanitarian assistance offered by international development organizations and Western governments. This act caused the international community to formulate unconventional ways in order to bring relief into Myanmar. They attempted to apply the Responsibility to Protect principle but failed, and later on used disaster diplomacy tactics by utilizing ASEAN as a mediating agent to build dialogue between Myanmar and the humanitarian community. This ASEAN-led mechanism was operated under the establishment of the coordinating body called the Tripartite Core Group (TCG) aiming to bring aid into Myanmar. This thesis uses the disaster diplomacy framework to address the impact of Cyclone Nargis on the two-decades-long tension between the Government of Myanmar and the international community. The TCG, with the mediating support by the ASEAN, was seen by many observers as an opportunity to revitalize and improve this relationship. Apart from facilitating aid, the TCG was expected to help breaking down Myanmar’s suspicion about the West’s agenda and help the Government of Myanmar realize that the humanitarian community had no hidden political objective on its aid agenda. Beyond evaluating the work of the TCG in the above light, the thesis also aims to examine the achievements of the ASEAN and the UN as to whether they were able to efficiently meet the TCG’s objectives regarding humanitarian aid and their ability to change the perception, behavior, approach and objectives of Myanmar. The study also identifies the gaps, challenges and the opportunities faced by the group to provide efficient and meaningful emergency response to Myanmar.

Pro-Poor tourism in Kerala, South India : policy implementation and impacts

Title: Pro-Poor tourism in Kerala, South India : policy implementation and impacts

Author: Thibault Michot

Year: 2009

Keywords: PRO-POOR, TOURISM, RESPONSIBILITY, KERALA, POLICY,, IMPLEMENTATION

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Nantana Gajaseni

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Nowadays the world is coming through a worldwide economic crisis. Meanwhile the tourism industry is still expected to keep booming at an impressive rate of almost 10%, and the figure of 1 billion international travelers will probably be hit in 2010. Therefore, this sector has consequent impacts on people's lives, especially in developing countries where tourism is seen as a great opportunity to generate income. However, because of the way the industry is ruled, tourism did not bring economic benefit that much to local communities. In many ways, tourism has been harmful not only to the environment, but also to social structures. It is clear that the authorities must redesign their tourism policies toward a more sustainable and responsible direction. The state of Kerala in India is aware of the issues generated by tourism and claims to be a pioneer in designing tourism policies that benefit the poor. Therefore, this study has the objectives to: (a) conduct an evaluation to see what is actually pro-poor in the policy recently implemented by the Kerala Department of Tourism; (b) assess what impacts these policies have on the peoples' lives; and (c) explore the possibility to replicate the model of Kerala to other destinations. The results showed that Kerala's new tourism policies are truly innovative. Under what is called "Responsible Tourism Initiative", there are definitely measures designed to achieve poverty alleviation through tourism activities. Kerala is paying attention to respect the Pro-Poor Tourism principles; and although it takes time to see the efficiency of policies on the field, the pilot project of Kumarakom already showed positive outcomes on economic and social empowerment of the local community. On the other hand, the possibility to replicate what is ongoing in Kerala seems more questionable regarding the state apparently benefited from a set of very favorable initial conditions that may not be possible to find anywhere else.

Trust Building Through Army Development Initiatives in Conflict Situations: The Case of Yalannanbaru in the Southern Border Provinces of Thailand

Title: Trust Building Through Army Development Initiatives in Conflict Situations: The Case of Yalannanbaru in the Southern Border Provinces of Thailand

Author: Martine Van Es

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Civil society and Democracy

Advisor(s): Nishikawa, Yukiko, advisor, Chantana Wungaeo, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This thesis studies the Jalanan Baru project, implemented by military agencies in the southern border provinces of Thailand, to examine whether the project contributed to building trust among the local population. The study utilizes the theory of trust and distrust in conflict situations and development initiatives by Thai military personnel, focusing specifically on the Jalanan Baru project. The Jalanan Baru project is a youth anti-drug training camp in the three southern border provinces. Data analysis reveals that the project generated both trust and distrust, indicating the multifaceted nature of relationships within conflict situations and suggesting that the project may have created distrust alongside trust. Furthermore, applying the theory of trust and distrust scales, the conflict between expectations and outcomes of military-initiated development projects influenced the attitudes of participants. The study found that the project's implementation involved multiple stages, each contributing to varying levels of trust and distrust between participants and the military personnel responsible. Building trust between groups using such projects has limitations. Distrust within this society remains at a level that restricts the trust-building process. This study concludes that building trust through development projects initiated by military agencies, such as the Jalanan Baru project, requires a comprehensive analysis of relationships and trust-building, understanding the dynamics of the conflict broadly and holistically. Without addressing the root causes of the conflict, military development projects are unlikely to improve the situation in the three southern border provinces. This study focuses on the Yalannanbaru program run by the Thai army in the southern border provinces of Thailand in order to examine whether the project contributes to obtain trust from the local people. In so doing, this thesis introduces theories on trust and distrust to the conflict situation and development initiatives run by the Thai army. The study utilizes an in-depth single-case study on the Yalannanbaru program; a drugs re-education camp for youth in the southern border provinces. In the course of analysis, the notion of separate dimensions of trust and distrust is applied, acknowledging the multifaceted character of many relations and the possible coexistence of trust and distrust in a relationship. In addition, the theory of calibration of trust and distrust is introduced in order to examine the discrepancy between expectations and outcomes of army development initiatives can influence participants' attitudes. The study revealed that through various processes, the program has been able to change levels of interpersonal trust and distrust between the participating youth and the army officers directly involved. However, the potential to address intergroup trust and distrust through the program is currently very limited; the existing distrust in society is a strong restraint on any trust building process. From the study, the thesis concludes that trust building through development initiatives by the Thai army like Yalannanbaru requires more careful analysis on relation and trust building with thorough understanding of wider conflict dynamics. Without focusing on resolution by tackling the root causes of the conflict, army development programs have little potential to contribute to improving the situation in the southern border provinces.

Women's empowerment in Bangkok urban poor areas

Title: Women's empowerment in Bangkok urban poor areas

Author: Kelsy Ann Cummings

Year: 2009

Keywords: WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT, URBAN POOR AREAS, NGOS

Theme: Gender

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon, advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Women's empowerment is viewed as a crucial factor in supporting development at the family, community, and national levels. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) worldwide and in Thailand frequently develop projects and activities that promote women's empowerment. This research has two main objectives: firstly, to study the success of the Duang Prateep Foundation, an NGO working in Bangkok, in empowering women in the urban poor community of Khlong Toei; and secondly, to examine how poor women define power and empowerment. This research employed a document review to assess currently available information and published documents, identify knowledge gaps on this issue, and define key conceptual frameworks. Following the document review, the findings indicate a lack of research on women's empowerment in urban poor areas of Thailand. This research aims to fill this gap. The researcher studied women's perspectives on "power" and empowerment, as well as the success of the Duang Prateep Foundation in empowering women. Interviews were conducted using questionnaires and in-depth interviews with seven women in the Khlong Toei urban poor community. These women had participated in activities and projects initiated by the Duang Prateep Foundation. After collecting and evaluating the data, the research found that the Duang Prateep Foundation's projects and activities contributed to the empowerment of the women who participated. However, this study does not present a new definition or perspective on the concepts of "power" and empowerment. Women's empowerment is viewed as a valid contributing factor for development at a household, community, and countrywide level. NGOs around the world and in Thailand often develop projects and activities to encourage women's empowerment. This study has two purposes. One is to determine if Duang Prateep Foundation (DPF), a Thai NGO in Bangkok is successful in empowering women in Khlong Toei Urban Poor Area; and the second is to determine how poor women define empowerment.The Literature Review was conducted with the aim of evaluating the current literature on the topic; to uncover a Knowledge Gap and to define Key Concepts. After a review of the current literature it was discovered that there is a lack of studies pertaining women's empowerment in Urban Poor Areas in Thailand. Thus, this study seeks to fill this gap. To determine how women view empowerment, and if DPF is successful in empowering women, a questionnaire was administered to seven women in Khlong Toei Urban Poor Area, who have been involved in activities and projects initiated by DPF. Questionnaires were administered with the aid of a Thai translator After an evaluation of the data, it was found that DPF's projects and activities generally increase empowerment for the women are involved with them. However, this study did not establish any new ways of defining empowermen

Neoliberalism and social protection : The case of food security among the people living with HIV and AIDS in Cambodia

Title: Neoliberalism and social protection : The case of food security among the people living with HIV and AIDS in Cambodia

Author: Marly Anne E. Bacaron

Year: 2009

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Human Development and Human Security

Advisor(s): Surat Horachaikul

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The impact of embedded neoliberalism has seen the worsening impact on social inequalities, particularly in developing countries. In addition, it impacts on economic and non-economic assets and capabilities of the poor. These aforementioned factors can expose them to vulnerabilities and risks while determining their entitlements and capabilities. The effects of globalization via neoliberal policies are revealed by taking a look at food security policies of the chronically ill such as those with HIV and AIDS in Cambodia. HIV-AIDS and the issue of food security is a relatively under-researched area. To many, the linkage between the two issues may seem peculiar more so when juxtaposed against the open economy inclined towards neoliberal policies. Whereas HIV-AIDS is generally related to health concerns and ergo strategies directed at health and nutrition to combat the disease, food security is multi-faceted covering availability of food, access to and use of food needs. Recommendations focused on transformative social protection mechanisms for chronically ill people like those with HIV-AIDS offer a way forward to protecting the poor and vulnerable against globalization. The paper is focused on Cambodia because of (a) food security issues related to land reform and disputes, weak tenurial laws and economic policies; and (b) its weak health system, heavy reliance on donor support for basic national development needs and the high prevalence of HIV-AIDS in the country during the 1990s. The lack of what is known as an “HIV-AIDS lens” on food security reinforces this issue.

Protection policies for migrant workers in Thailand : a case study on the roles of Thai Labor Solidarity Committee

Title: Protection policies for migrant workers in Thailand : a case study on the roles of Thai Labor Solidarity Committee

Author: Surawanna Tassanee

Year: 2008

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This qualitative research was aimed to study the movement of Thai Labour Solidarity Committee (TLSC) and its alliances on the protection of migrant workers in Thailand. In this research, TLSC’s structure was examined as well as its strategies on the protection of migrant workers. There was the evaluation of those strategies in order to understand the impacts in different level. Data was collected from the in-dept interviews with the representatives from the leading actors of TLSC, Thai worker’s union, labor related and migrant related NGOs, migrant workers and Thai workers. The research found that TLSC had used “Human Rights” as the leading concept for their movement. TLSC had the clear structure in the administrative level. The main strategies of TLSC on labor movement in Thailand included petition, campaign and education, capacity building, information dissemination in national and local level and networking. All of these strategies had been used for the movement on the protection of migrant workers as well. The migrant related NGOs who were members of TLSC had played important roles and had influence towards TLSC’s activities regarding the protection of migrant workers. The strong capacity of migrant related NGOs who participated in TLSC and the sufficient database about migrant workers situation provided to TLSC leaders and members by NGOs were the main factors motivating TLSC movement on the protection of migrant workers. The impacts of TLSC’s strategies on the protection of migrant workers were in three different levels; policy level, local level, and organization level.

Protecting labor rights of Burmese migrant workers : a case study of Yaung Chi Oo Workers Association in Mae Sot, Thailand

Title: Protecting labor rights of Burmese migrant workers : a case study of Yaung Chi Oo Workers Association in Mae Sot, Thailand

Author: Zaw Aung

Year: 2008

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon, advisor, Pornpimon Trichot, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: In 2008, Thai Ministry of Labor acknowledged that the Kingdom will need to employ 1.2 million low-skilled migrant workers in order to solve the problem of the labor shortage in the country. In fact, about 2 million migrants have already settled in Thailand and more than 80 percent of the migrant labor forces employed in Thailand’s various economic sectors are the Burmese who migrated into the Kingdom crossing the border. Mae Sot is one of the most migrant-concentrated border towns where more than 200,000 Burmese migrants lived and worked mainly in the industrial sector such as garment, knitting and other factories. This research studied why the YCO with an unauthorized status is able to provide legal and other assistance to protect the labor rights of the Burmese migrant workers in Mae Sot within the legal framework of Thailand and also found out a new social legitimacy in terms of labor rights protection that has emerged following the activities of the YCO. As a qualitative research emphasizing on a case study of the Yaung Chi Oo Workers Association, a Burmese labor rights organization in Mae Sot, the research conducted a series of in-depth interviews with the key informants from the YCO and several leaders from the Thailand-based Burmese civil society organizations, group discussions with the selected migrant workers, interviews with a labor officer at the DLPW in Mae Sot and Thai NGOs workers and lawyers. The research found out that the violations of the Labor Protection Act B.E. 2541 have been rampant in Mae Sot. The institutional weakness of the concerned government agencies and the impunity that the factory employers have received in Mae Sot leads to these violations. Therefore, Thai and non-Thai civil society organizations have stepped in to protect the labor rights of the Burmese migrant workers in Mae Sot. Among them, the YCO’s activities have contributed, to a certain extent, to the rule of law in the labor market of the border town because the organization have effectively encouraged the migrants not to stage unlawful labor strikes which can affect the social stability of the border town. The organization has steadfastly shown them a legal path to protect their labor rights. It is the key factor why the YCO with an unauthorized status has been able to provide legal assistance to the irregular Burmese migrant workers within the legal framework of Thailand.

The political economy of opium reduction in Burma : local perspectives from the Wa region

Title: The political economy of opium reduction in Burma : local perspectives from the Wa region

Author: Sai Lone

Year: 2008

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Conflict Resolution and Peace Studies

Advisor(s): Niti Pawakapan, advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The focus of this study is on the socioeconomic impacts of rural development projects implemented by international development aid agencies on the livelihood of former opium farmers whose major income source, i.e. opium cultivation, has been banned in the Wa region of Shan state, Burma. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methodology was applied in this research. Information had been collected by conducting in-depth interview with former opium farmers, senior local authorities, and project staff of international development aid agencies in the Wa region. Literature review was useful for theoretical approach in analyzing data collected from the field study, and it was also utilized to discover the success stories and lessons learnt from Thai experience on opium reduction which clearly showed that humanitarian crisis could be avoided if the ban on opium cultivation was carried out with the maximum participation of all the stakeholders. Comparison of socioeconomic conditions of the case study villages gives a clear picture of the villagers’ life qualities before and after the opium ban. Firstly of all, the root-cause of opium cultivation had been explored to identify the extent of socioeconomic reliance of the farmers on opium, and the impact of opium on the local economy. Secondly, this study made an attempt to discover the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of opium ban, which authoritatively enforced by the United Wa State Army (UWSA) without any preparation of alternative livelihood for the opium farmers. It revealed the coping strategies adopted by the local population, which included expansion of food cultivation area, migration as causal labour, exploitation of natural resources, particularly non-timber forest products in unsustainable manner. Forest depletion caused by illegal logging and expansion of rubber plantation which carried out in order to fill the coffer of local authorities was also discovered. Thirdly, development strategies and approaches of the projects which implemented by international development institutions have been assessed to identify their impacts on the livelihood of former opium farmers. With technical know-how, materials and financial inputs, the rice shortage problem has been solved to a certain extend, however the economic need of the former opium farmers are still far behind being met. This study suggests development strategies and approaches by which the socioeconomic needs of former opium farmers can be solved. It also recommends further research on other crop substitution endeavours which will have serious impacts both on environment and livelihood of the former opium farmers.

The networking of transnational social movements : The case of compulsory licensing in Thailand

Title: The networking of transnational social movements : The case of compulsory licensing in Thailand

Author: Kal Elle

Year: 2008

Keywords: Networking Transitional social movement/Compulsory License/Thailand

Theme: Civil society and Democracy

Advisor(s): Vira Somboon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: CL offers a viable means to address the access to essential medicine problem. Transnational social movements, in turn, legitimize this method. The CL campaign and the networking of transnational social movement worked in conjunction to present an alternative to pharmaceutical market order. This research evaluates the success of the transnational social movement after Thailand’s issuance of Compulsory Licensing (CL) in Nov 2006. By assessing the characteristics, reasons, and nature of the movement, this work aims to determine its sustainability for future CL movements. Research findings illustrate that the networking of transnational social movements proved necessary, if not crucial, to the success of the Thai CL campaign. This research assesses the success of the transnational social movement and its theoretical implications. Four major features describe the transnational social movements: 1) Involvement of heterogeneous actors; 2) strategic division of labor; 3) responsiveness to counter-CL pressure; and 4) continuation of the CL campaign. These features determined the achievements of the social movements. This study applied the “Triangle that Moves Mountain” framework to illustrate the characteristics of the transnational social movements. First, different networks formulated a comprehensive knowledge base to provide informational support against pharmaceutical companies and their lobbyists. Secondly, different networks provided the impetus for social mobilization in support of the Thai CL issue. Lastly, this issue required global engagement from individuals, national government, governments of other nations, and international organizations. The transnational social movement exhibited four vital characteristics of social movements. First, it targeted pharmaceutical companies’ priorities, consisted of loosely defined informal networks, and fostered collective identities. In addition, the social movement linked the Thai CL campaign to the broader neo-liberal master frame. The CL campaign was characteristic of a social movement in the sense that it made distinct challenges to US hegemony and pharmaceutical dominance under the guise of the free market. Finally, this research looks at the sustainability of the transnational social movement. Given the successful networking of globalized actors, transnational social movement can continue to play a vital role in future compulsory licensing movements, if they are able to replicate the global legitimacy achieved in the Thai CL case.

Key governance factors of integrated coastal management (ICM) at the local level, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Title: Key governance factors of integrated coastal management (ICM) at the local level, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Author: Bernadetta Puspita Devi

Year: 2008

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Environmental Politics and Policy

Advisor(s): Nantana Gajaseni

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This research examines key governance factors for integrated coastal management at the local level in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. The measurement of governance factors was developed from two conceptual principles to identify key factors and differing perspectives among key groups for the sustainability of integrated coastal management. The first principle is based on a quantitative study method for two villages (Atet Oki Village and Basan 1 Village). Key governance factors at the village level were assessed through the interaction between social and ecological systems. The second principle combines qualitative and quantitative methods with expert groups (government officials, non-profit organization staff or development workers, and scientists). These expert groups provide further explanations of key governance factors for integrated coastal management at the local level and assign values ​​to the importance of each factor. The research findings indicate 19... Key factors crucial for the sustainability of integrated coastal management vary in status and urgency at different levels of acceptance, categorized as “agreement,” “initial,” and “controversial.” Both village leaders agreed on the success of integrated coastal management, highlighting the vital role of leadership in transforming it from a significant failure to a adaptable approach. Expert group data reveals clear differences in the importance of key factors among government officials, non-profit organizations, development workers, and scientists and villagers at the grassroots level. These differences in valuing key governance factors are influenced by the perspectives of the groups involved in integrated coastal management, impacting their viewpoints on the outcomes and subsequent consequences of the initiative. This research examines key governance factors of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) at the local level, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Measures of governance factors are developed from two approaches to determine the key factors and the perception differences among major parties for ICM sustainability. The first approach is based on a qualitative methodology for two villages: Atep Oki village and Basaan I village. Key governance factors at these two villages were assessed through interaction of social and ecological systems. The second approach combined qualitative and quantitative methods to a group of experts (government officials, NGOs/development workers and scientists). The group of experts provided further explanation of the key governance factors of ICM at the local level and placed values ​​on the degree of importance for each factor. The research findings indicate there are nineteen key governance factors that are important for the sustainability of ICM. However, the status and urgency of the factors are different for each where they have been categorized as 'reach', 'intermediary' and 'contradictory' agreements. Therefore, for the two villages, leadership clearly determines the success of ICM. The role of a key person is vital for transforming ICM from a critical failure to adaptive management. The information obtained from the group of experts illustrated that the degree of importance for key governance factors is markedly different amongst government officials, NGO workers and scientists as well as villagers on the ground level. Differences in valuing key governance factors were influenced by parties' perceptions of their roles in ICM. This, in turn, affects the way each party views the outcomes of ICM and the outcomes that follow.

Growing up in a leprosy colony in Tamil Nadu, South India

Title: Growing up in a leprosy colony in Tamil Nadu, South India

Author: Ana Svoboda

Year: 2008

Keywords: LEPROSY / STIGMA / CHILDREN/ EDUCATION / LEPROSY, COLONY / SPOILED IDENTITY

Theme: Social Welfare

Advisor(s): Saipin Suputtamonkol, advisor, Niti Pawakapan, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Within the state of Tamil Nadu in Southern India, there are presently 42 active leprosy colonies. The decreasing rate of leprosy in India has not been trailed by a decline in leprosy colonies, but rather, an alteration in the demographic composition of the colonies has occurred. Leprous individuals no longer make up the dominant population of a colony with leprosy colonies now consisting largely of non-leprous children and grandchildren of the patients. Consequently, life in a leprosy colony no longer equates to being a carrier of the physical deformities of the disease. In the 42 colonies spread throughout Tamil Nadu, there are 1056 families consisting of 610 children. Within these colonies, it is extremely rare to encounter a child who has leprosy due to the low rates of transmission among children and the high affectivity of MDT. Despite ridding this generation from the adverse medical impacts of the disease, the stigma of leprosy continues to follow the children. Through connection to a parent or grandparent suffering from the disease, children inherit a stigma of association and as a result experience a spoiling of identity. This spoiling of identity impacts them in various sectors of life, one of which is education. This thesis intends to examine the lives of the children growing up in a leprosy colony in Tamil Nadu, as well as understand the stigma of leprosy as it impacts children in their access to education. In the past, education has not always been a guaranteed right to children hailing from leprosy colonies, being denied largely based on their association to the disease. Yet, the situation is changing as children from colonies begin to access education and integrate into schools within society. The ability to secure education often implies that the present generation no longer suffers from the stigma of association. However, this thesis shows that stigma continues to taint the colony children’s identity, influencing the way in which education is secured

The use of community participation to improve commune health services in disabuantaged areas of Viet Nam

Title: The use of community participation to improve commune health services in disabuantaged areas of Viet Nam

Author: Nguyen, Son Xuan

Year: 2008

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Social Welfare

Advisor(s): Pavika Sriratanaban

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This study aims to review and assess the situation of the community participation approach of the Community Based Health Development Project and find out the facilitating factors of success and obstacle when using it to improve the health services in disadvantaged areas in Viet Nam. The study area is Northern Mountainous Yen Bai Province of Viet Nam with characteristics of poor and diversity of ethnic minorities. Research methodology includes the literature on community based approach both in health and non-health sectors qualitative method and tools to measure the level of participation of community in different dimensions including needs assessment, leadership, management, organization and resource mobilizing. The study also investigates others factors such as political advocacy, ethnicity, local capacity to asses the perception and understanding of community by/in using this approach. Perception and understanding of community members is the first and most important finding of the study. Secondly, the study also finds that advocacy and support the ideas of community participation should be manifested in practice at grassroots levels with clear stipulation manners in every sector. Thirdly, the readiness of community in term of capacity and human resources etc. are conditions to the success of this approach. Lastly, in working with ethnic minority, the culture, behavior and attitude as well as the linguistic dimensions should be taken into consideration.

Stateless people's needs and problems in obtaining Thai nationality : a case study of hill tribe people in Chiang Rai, Thailand

Title: Stateless people's needs and problems in obtaining Thai nationality : a case study of hill tribe people in Chiang Rai, Thailand

Author: Aticha Wongwian

Year: 2008

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Niti Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The problem of statelessness in Thailand remains unsolved mainly because the country’s policies on granting nationality do not cover all kinds of stateless people existing in Thailand. However, statelessness in people who actually have the right to Thai nationality according to Thai law is found to be a continuing problem because stateless people can not cope with difficulties that occur during the process of Thai nationality obtaining. This research aims to study the needs and problems of stateless people in obtaining Thai nationality. The research relies upon a combination of documentary research and field research. The field research includes the researcher’s observation and participation in assisting hill tribe people to obtain Thai nationality during an internship at the Mirror Foundation in January-February 2009 and in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with twelve selected cases of former stateless hill tribe people in Chiang Rai Province. The key informants were selected based upon their availability, through the networking of the Mirror Foundation as well as district offices, and through the snowball technique. The research found that the main problems of former stateless people in obtaining Thai nationality were access to information regarding Thai nationality obtaining and the problem corruption. The first problem was caused by three factors: the sources of information, the forms of the information and methods in passing on the information, and the stateless people themselves. The main sources of information such as village chiefs, NGOs and district officers were unknowledgeable. Moreover, personal bias or misled attitudes among village chiefs and the officials made it difficult for stateless people to acquire the information. At the same time, the research found that the information was passed to the people in verbal form and mainly through interpersonal communication, leading to misinterpretations and misunderstandings. Furthermore, the research found that interpersonal communication between district officials and stateless people was not possible since the people felt uncomfortable approaching officials. Moreover, illiterate stateless people were not capable of understanding written information. Because of the problem of access to information, the people were not able to cope with difficulties in nationality obtaining procedures and usually failed in obtaining Thai nationality. Moreover, this problem also affected stateless people’s states of mind as well as leads to the problem of corruption. Stateless people who could not help themselves in obtaining Thai nationality tended to rely on assistance from outside, usually from village chiefs. As a result, stateless people became potential victims of corruption by village chiefs. The basic need of stateless people in obtaining Thai nationality is obviously knowledge about the procedures and laws in obtaining Thai nationality. In this regard, written forms of information should be used more while still maintaining usage of verbal communication. Written forms of information and direct verbal communication between stateless people and state officials will reduce the gap in information and risk of misinterpretation and misunderstanding. Equipped with necessary information, stateless people may successfully process their request by themselves or with less assistance from others. This may also reduce the role of village chiefs and therefore reduce the chance of corruption. However, assistance on the practical level is still needed for stateless people who lack Thai literacy and in complicated procedures that required advance knowledge such as appealing.

The socio-economic impacts of Lao-Thai informal border trade on people's livelihood and poverty reduction

Title: The socio-economic impacts of Lao-Thai informal border trade on people's livelihood and poverty reduction

Author: Viengxay Thammavong

Year: 2008

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Human Development and Human Security

Advisor(s): Puangthong Pawakapan, Advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the networks of informal cross-border trade and its relationship to formal trade, as well as the impact of informal trade on the livelihoods of those involved. The study shows that almost all informal cross-border traders are women aged 25-45 with limited education. All informal cross-border trade is small-scale, primarily trading consumer goods and household appliances. The research also indicates that the income from informal cross-border trade is significantly higher than their previous incomes. Therefore, informal cross-border trade is a genuine source of income for those involved, and it can even become their primary occupation, resulting in improved living conditions. The study demonstrates that cross-border traders overcome business obstacles by leveraging their social networks and business expertise. They operate as a social community comprising cross-border traders, porters, etc. This integration of social networks benefits the cross-border traders by reducing competition, building trust, and enhancing their capabilities. At the same time, they use these social networks to protect themselves from exploitation. The study further highlights the businesses of these cross-border traders. Cross-border trade involves elements of both formal and informal trade. Specifically, border traders own legally registered shops, have obtained licenses from relevant government agencies, and pay taxes. Meanwhile, the goods sold in these shops are purchased both formally and informally to reduce costs and maximize profits. Therefore, formal and informal trade inherently overlap in some aspects. This study focuses on studying the characteristics of informal border trade networks and its relation to formal channel, and the impacts of informal trade on people's livelihoods involving in the informal trade. The finding determined that almost of the informal border traders are women, aged between 25 to 45 years old, with low level of education. Most of the informal border trade was on a small scale and the products traded are mostly consumption and household goods. The research also indicated that the income earning from informal border trade of the traders is much higher than those from their previous jobs. Therefore, the informal border trade is a real source of income for people who involve in the business and it can be considered as their main job. As the result, their living condition has been improved better. The finding of the research showed that the border traders are able to overcome the barriers in their business operations by calling on a number of social network and business skills. They work in a social community which included other border traders, porters and other parties. The combination of these social linkages gives border traders advantages in minimizing hassles, building trust and increasing the scope of their capabilities. At the same time, they use these social networks to guard against another party taking advantage of them. The research also found that the businesses of these cross border traders are themselves combine a formal and informal characteristic. On the shop itself, a shop owner has to apply for a license from authority concerned and pay taxes to customs while goods suppliers in a shop buy from both formal and informal channel in order to reduce their capital and gain maximize profit. Therefore, formal and informal trades are overlapping in this border trade area.