The Practice of corporate social responsibility and environmental protection in Thailand

Title: The Practice of corporate social responsibility and environmental protection in Thailand

Author: Chayanin Wangsai

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Environmental Politics and Policy

Advisor(s): Pisanu Sangiampongsa

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: To examine the current practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by the Thai business sector regarding environmental protection and sustainable resource management. It particularly looked at the limitations and constraints faced by the private sector, and the role of the state and civil society concerning to adoption of CSR practice in Thailand. The information used in the study was collected through documentary research and interview with key informants: three Thai businesses with an established reputation for CSR practice, an environmental NGO, and a governmental organization responsible for promoting CSR in Thailand. The findings revealed that there was a mutual and advanced understanding of the concept and practices of CSR among all participants. With regards to interaction between different sectors, the study showed that the respondents viewed that the CSR movement in Thailand corresponds with a trend towards more participatory policy-making and stakeholder involvement in the area of environmental standard. With regards to limitations, the study revealed discrepancies between large and small organizations, as well as variations across sectors. This is due to the lack of rational or cultural institutional environment to support or encourage CSR practice, resulting in disadvantage for small-scale enterprises engaging in beyond-compliance environmental protection. The different capacities between large and small organizations were reflected in their different approaches to CSR practice. While large business organizations adopted a ‘reformist’ approach, the smaller business took a ‘radical’ approach to CSR practice. However, the radical approach to CSR, which is based on local resource and capacity, is likely to be the most appropriate method for a developing country such as Thailand. Finally, this study recommended that the public, private, and civil society sectors should cooperate to establish measures, particularly the necessary regulatory framework and verification mechanisms, in order to support fair and transparent CSR practice in environmental protection and sustainable resource management by all Thai businesses.

Politics and bureaucracy behind Thai government's issuance of compulsory licensing (CL)

Title: Politics and bureaucracy behind Thai government's issuance of compulsory licensing (CL)

Author: Kamolrat Chotesungnoen

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Civil society and Democracy

Advisor(s): Puangthong Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: To elaborate and identify the determining factors that led to the Thai government’s issuance of CL during the military-installed government of General Surayud Chulanont (October 2006 - January 2008). This research places an emphasis on two contexts: 1) national politics that provided political opportunities following the September 19, 2006 coup d’état; and 2) the Thai Ministry of Public Health (MoPH)’s bureaucracy and its key features. Research findings revealed that national politics was a determining factor. The conceptual framework of “Political Opportunity Structure (POS)” was applied to analyze the changed dimensions of the Thai state that provided incentives for MoPH bureaucrats to undertake collective action and to eventually bring about CL. It found that previous Thai governments and concerned authorities, particularly during the period of 1998-2006, had been submissive and could not withstand international pressure and trade sanctions. Thus the issues of access to medicines was not taken as a priority, and was even swept aside when the country was under increasing domination of neoliberal globalization and international trade interests. Research findings showed that the September 19 coup opened up political opportunities for the Thai government’s ability to issue CL. The political opportunities include the reconfiguration of national cleavage structure and institutional structure. Research findings showed that the MoPH’s bureaucracy was another determining factor. This research applied the framework of “Politico-Administrative Structure (PAS)” to characterize the relationship and bargaining among bureaucrats (political and civilian) as well as between bureaucrats and non-state actors (civil society and drug TNCs). It elaborated that cultural and structural/functional features of the MoPH’s bureaucracy were accountable. Cultural elements were manifested in two aspects: 1) the MoPH’s philosophy; and 2) institutional perceptions on the right to access to healthcare and medicines at both the national level and the level of the MoPH. Structural and functional dimensions also significantly contributed to the issuance of CL by transforming structural limitations into an active (functional) administrative policy. The success of CL issuance derived from four major implications: 1) decentralization and authority dispersion; 2) putting a panel under the direct supervision of the MoPH Minister; 3) not deferring the final decision to the cabinet; and 4) using the prevailing strategy of “highly coordinated” in dealing with health civil society. Lastly, this research built on preceding analysis and offered a reassessment of capacity, authority, and autonomy behind the Thai government’s issuance of CL. Among these three fundamental aspects, research findings proved that autonomy was a determining factor.

Global market pressures and corporate social responsibility : A case study of electrical and electronic manufacturers in Thailand

Title: Global market pressures and corporate social responsibility : A case study of electrical and electronic manufacturers in Thailand

Author: Rojanayol Vongsuksiri

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Vira Somboon, advisor, Matthew Chadwick, co-advisor

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be seen as a critical element in supporting the sustainable development of Thailand, specifically within the scope of environmental protection and conservation. The objective of this thesis is to identify the driving force of CSR in Thailand through an analysis of the Electrical and Electronic (EE) sector, including the perspective and rationale of business owners in implementing CSR policies, and to determine what motivates their businesses in Thailand to practice CSR and the difficulties they encounter. Five large manufacturers with a minimum of seventy percent export of total production were selected for case studies. Three have prominent environmental management and CSR practices and two had ambiguous CSR practices. The research found that each of the four key players, i.e. the Government, civil society, buyers and manufacturers influence CSR at different levels. At the international level, stringent government regulations mandate industries to operate with minimal impact on the environment. Social pressure from consumers demanding ‘green’ products oblige businesses to be socially and environmentally responsible. However, at regional and national levels there is relatively weak regulation enforcement by governments to put pressure on the private sector to implement CSR. Furthermore, Thai consumers appear to have little awareness of environmental problems and the role of purchasing power in creating social pressure for environmentally-friendly products. However, the existence of an economy that is export-driven means that many manufactures and businesses are inevitably subject to the rules and regulations of importing markets and international buyers. Amid increasing competition it is imperative to meet the requirements of customers and consumers. In sum, the research found that global market pressures from international markets are a main CSR driving force in Thailand. With the lack of domestic government support in certain cases, financial means to implement CSR policies and environmental management appears to be the main obstacle to their general adoption.

State policy on small and medium enterprises (SMEs): a case study of morally sensitive enterprises in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City

Title: State policy on small and medium enterprises (SMEs): a case study of morally sensitive enterprises in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City

Author: Xuan Minh Le

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Preecha Kuwinpant

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Vietnam's economic transition to a market economy and its integration into the global economy has significantly impacted private sector participation in the country, as evidenced by a 95% increase in the number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A major challenge for SMEs, particularly those deemed "morally sensitive," is the obstacle they face in obtaining business licenses in Ho Chi Minh City. This research aims to study the factors affecting the application for business licenses for "morally sensitive" SMEs within the context of the market economy transition and WTO regulations. The study found that, in practice, the process of registering such businesses is complex, lacks transparency, and is illogical. Furthermore, it revealed that government officials held views and ideologies opposed to registration, contradicting the study's hypothesis. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the policy failed due to several reasons: 1) Bias among conservative government officials who opposed "morally sensitive" businesses; 2) Misinterpretation of the policy by lower-level officials; 3) Lack of public understanding of business registration regulations; and 4) Prejudiced views of the public and media towards private businesses. Overall, it can be said that, in the context of the transition to a market economy and integration into the global economy, the failure of this policy stems from the conflict between the principles of a market economy and the ethical principles of society. Finally, the authors suggest that researchers studying the implementation of this policy in Vietnam should place greater emphasis on the roles and responsibilities of lower-level government officials. Thanks to the transformation to market economy and international integration of Vietnam, the role of private sector takes a vital part in the economy, in which SMEs take over 95% of the total number. However, despite their significant contribution, SMEs working in “sensitive” services still have faced many obstacles when obtaining the business registration certificate in Ho Chi Minh City. The purpose of the research is to study the factors influence issuance of business registration certificate for “sensitive” SMEs in the context of Vietnam's transformation to market economy and WTO penetration. Findings from the study prove that issuance of business registration certificate for sensitive enterprise is complicated, non-transparent, and unreasonable. Especially, contrary to the hypothesis, the study finds various opposite viewpoints of officials due to their ideology. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that this policy failed due to some reasons: (i) bias of conservative officials against “sensitive” businesses; (ii) inadequate interpretation of the policy by street-level bureaucrats; (iii) poor knowledge of the public about regulations on the business registration; (iv) traditional prejudice of the public perception as well as mass media towards private sector. Overall, in the context of economic transition and global integration, two conflict principles market economy versus social morality also contribute to the policy failure. Last but not least, in order to close this research, the author recommended prospective researches researchers pay much more attention to actions and the role of street-level bureaucrats when studying policy implementation in Vietnam.

International cooperation and China's energy security concerns

Title: International cooperation and China's energy security concerns

Author: Puangthong Pawakapan

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Environmental Politics and Policy

Advisor(s): Puangthong Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: China’s dramatic economic growth has made energy into a security issue. As China grows, so do its energy needs. Though China’s per capita energy usage ranks low globally, its enormous population makes it the second highest energy consumer with signs indicating that it will surpass the United States, the highest energy consumer, in the near future. China’s increased consumption has made China more active in securing energy. Its increased dependence on foreign energy imports is already driving up global prices and is raising fears of conflict as China’s search for energy converges with the interests of its neighbors and the United States. This thesis argues that while China’s energy security policy has stimulated concerns in developed oil dependent countries, it would not necessarily lead to conflict but would instigate increased aid and exchange of information over renewable energy technology as it is the most attractive alternative to current conventional fuel. The thesis explores the Chinese government’s involvement in various renewable energy cooperative efforts to assess the commitment to renewable energy on the part of China. Though renewable energy consists of a very small sector of energy consumption, and will continue to be so in the near future, renewable energy is better for energy security in the long run as it is available domestically. The current cooperation over renewable energy is not enough to make China more secure over its energy security nor is it enough to change the current situation in which China travels the globe to increase its energy supply but China’s participation in the various projects demonstrates its willingness to invest in renewable energy in the long term.

Remittance flows from Thailand to mawlamyine, mon state, Myanmar

Title: Remittance flows from Thailand to mawlamyine, mon state, Myanmar

Author: Nwet Kay Khine

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Supang Chantavanich

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The focus of this study is on the development impact of informal remittances sent by Myanmar migrant workers from Thailand to Myanmar. Methodologically, this is a qualitative research based on case studies. Information had been collected by doing field research with in-depth interviews to remittances senders, recipients and remittance service providers in Bangkok, Mae Sot in Thailand and Mawlamyine in Myanmar. Literature review was useful for doing analysis on the field data in theoretical approach. Matching case studies between migrants in Thailand and their household left behind give a portrait of remittance channel started from the hands of senders to the door of recipients. Firstly, determining factors on the propensity and the remittance sending behaviors of migrant workers had been explored to identify the capacity of sending remittances. Secondly, this study tried to portray clear picture of the whole remittance service operating system and the role of the players who are involving in various stages of the money transfer process as middle man between senders and the recipients. It highlighted the choice of remittance service by the migrant workers, types of services they are being offered and the costs and risks involving in informal money transfer system. Thirdly, the way the recipients utilized the remittances has been assessed to identify its impact on the economic development of recipients. The intensity of poverty and the lack of favorable investment climate are affecting the expenditure pattern of recipient household. Findings on the saving, spending and investment behaviors of the recipients showed that the larger volume of remittances is flowing into the unproductive expenditure rather than productive investment. This study raises a set of policy adjustment for Myanmar and the host country. It also points out other areas for further research relevant to remittances of Myanmar migrant workers and its development contribution.

Towards governance reform : a critical review of foreign assistance to Burma/Myanmar

Title: Towards governance reform : a critical review of foreign assistance to Burma/Myanmar

Author: Michael Paller

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Civil society and Democracy

Advisor(s): Chantana Banpasirichote

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Burma receives a paltry amount of foreign assistance. This is because donors rescinded aid and devised new policies strictly limiting cooperation with the Burmese government in response to the military’s ruthless crackdown on protests in August 1988 and the junta’s subsequent failure to establish democracy. The little assistance that remains is primarily humanitarian. This paper begins with the premise that carefully considered, attentively applied, closely monitored aid can be effective in eventually bringing about governance reforms in Burma. But what foreign assistance strategies are most likely to improve governance in Burma and why? In answering this question, this paper evaluates different strategies according to the principal recipient of aid. Such recipients include: the State Peace and Development Council; local government and the civil bureaucracy; international agencies (UN and INGOs); community-based organizations inside Burma; nongovernmental organization in exile; or nobody. Key findings point to mixed results. The links between governance reform and foreign aid are tenuous, even in theory, but certain strategies seem to be able to promote and even provoke change. The strategies that channel aid to the SPDC or no one are most unlikely to bring about such change; however engagement with the civil bureaucracy, international agencies, community-based organizations inside Burma and nongovernmental organizations in exile has produced results, albeit on a relatively small-scale.

Impacts of parents' cross-border migration on children in Hlaing Bwe Township, Kayin State, Myanmar

Title: Impacts of parents' cross-border migration on children in Hlaing Bwe Township, Kayin State, Myanmar

Author: Naw Phoebe

Year: 2007

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Naruemon Thabchumpon

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Temporary cross-border labour migration of parents from Myanmar to other countries is often motivated by desires to provide economic opportunities for the family and educational opportunities for their children. This study is to find out the impacts on left behind families, children and community due to migration of parents in terms of socio-economic condition and children’s access to education. The study area was in Ta Won Phan Ya village located in Hlaing Bwe Township in Kayin State, Myanmar. The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods. Survey method was used for quantitative technique. In-depth interview with children, caregivers and the community key informants and focus group discussion with children were applied as qualitative research techniques. Migration of parents has both positive and negative impact on the children, family and the community. The results from parents’ migration show the improvement in family’s socioeconomic status that faces poverty and has limited job opportunities by means of remittances. Remittances enable the families mainly solve the day to day living. Moreover, remittances contribute to maintain children’s access to education and other well being of the family such as renovation of the houses, repay debts and pay tax etc and perform meritorious deeds which is highly value in their tradition. In addition, with warm support from the caregivers, extended family members and the community, the children and members back home encounter no major problem. On the other hand, there are some downsides of migration. Remittance of parents can put children at risk if money is not being used correctly. Remittances are mostly seen as not being used in a productive way other than used for the consumerism. As a result, members’ migration cannot be reduces besides will increase in numbers. Absence of parents makes children become less interest in education as children do not see education as a worthy investment as they see that parents can earn money abroad without obtaining any higher education. Besides, since majority of the productive workforce leave the village, there is a stagnation in the rural economy and it can gradually decline in the near future. As migration is concern with lack of job opportunity, country’s economic strategy should be review in order to reduce the unemployment of the citizens.

The interaction between the Mekong River Commission and China : an analysis of hydropolitical dynamics on cooperation

Title: The interaction between the Mekong River Commission and China : an analysis of hydropolitical dynamics on cooperation

Author: Jill Lawler

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Environmental Politics and Policy

Advisor(s): Chantana Banpasirichote

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: River basins create hydrologic interdependencies that force States to negotiate their interests and national security within a regional context. A hydropolitical security complex emerges when States consider shared resources as a major national security issue. Changes within the political economy of the Mekong basin create new security issues as multiple interests complete for the Mekong’s shared resources. In particular, China has begun developing the upper portions of the Mekong River, which could change the quantity and quality of downstream flows and could impede other States’ ability to fulfill their national agendas vis-à-vis the Mekong. Placing China and the MRC within the context of a hydropolitical security complex, this research analyzes the current state of cooperation between the MRC and China. It looks at political, economic, and social factors that contribute to, or impinge, cooperation between China and the MRC. This study is derived from qualitative research, using a combination of documentary analysis and in-depth interviews with officials within the MRC Secretariat, former National Mekong Committee Members, and China’s UNESCAP division, as well as key informants close to the issue. These interviews supplemented information on cooperation between the MRC and China provided by several databases. The research findings show that China and the MRC are expanding technical cooperation in flood mitigation, with possibilities of further cooperation in navigation, tourism, and capacity building. Each State’s perception of tradeoffs and benefits determine the extent to which they cooperate over shared resources. States adapt their interests according to the specific economic, political, environmental, and social context of each state and of the basin as a whole. Increased economic integration between all riparian States, as well as growing regional involvement on the part of China, create areas for cooperation between China and the MRC within the Mekong basin. The Mekong River development has taken on a new interest for all parties and the manner in which cooperation is carried out has important implications for the MRC in terms of transboundary water governance, as well as for the basin as a whole.

Transaction cost reduction for small-scale Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects in Thailand / Reducing the operating costs of small-scale Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in Thailand

Title: Transaction cost reduction for small-scale Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects in Thailand / Reducing the operating costs of small-scale Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in Thailand

Author: Sanna Salmela

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Civil society and Democracy

Advisor(s): Sitanon Jesdapipat

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Reliable, environmentally friendly, and readily available energy sources are crucial components in supporting sustainable development at the local community level, especially in developing countries. Renewable energy projects tend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and are funded through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The primary objective of this thesis is to find ways to reduce the high costs of implementing small-scale CDM projects. Combining several small projects into a single large project is one option. However, a key question remains: how exactly can costs be reduced through consolidation? To answer this question and explore alternative solutions, this research focuses on small-scale wastewater treatment and natural gas production projects on pig farms in Thailand. The main conclusion of this research is that the simplified procedures of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) do not significantly reduce the costs of small-scale CDM projects involving 10,000 and 5,000 pigs, resulting in average greenhouse gas emission reductions of 4231 and 2116 per year, respectively. While project consolidation can reduce operational costs, the actual cost reduction is insufficient. However, incorporating smaller projects still yields less results than projects without the Clean Development Mechanism, and the cost of certifying greenhouse gas emission reductions (CER) is also significantly higher than incorporating entire projects. The second conclusion is that project consolidation alone cannot significantly reduce the cost of CDM projects. With increased policy options, project consolidation has increased to a sufficient level, even though the cost of certifying greenhouse gas reductions remains low. Therefore, the third conclusion is that these operational costs can be reduced to a level that is at least feasible for some consolidated projects. However, with current government support for natural gas technology, the associated technological risks and costs must be considered. It can be clearly concluded that only the 10,000-pig farming project is feasible within a consolidated program. Thus, it can be concluded that the 10,000 and 5,000-pig farming projects might be feasible as small-scale CDMs unless operational costs are reduced. However, some of these projects are still unfeasible because they cannot be developed under small-scale CDMs with even slight increased effort. Therefore, the final conclusion is that reducing operational costs is key to realizing these small-scale CDMs. Furthermore, small-scale CDMs may bring local benefits or address real local problems while simultaneously raising global environmental concerns, if efforts are made to achieve this. Developing our capabilities can make cost reduction a reality. An environmentally friendly, reliable source of energy, and access to it, can be seen as a critical element in supporting sustainable development at the local community level. Additionally, for developing countries in particular, eg renewable energy projects have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide finance through the clean development mechanism (CDM). The main objective of this thesis is to explore how the high transaction costs of small-scale CDM projects can be reduced. Bundling several small-scale CDM projects together and developing them as one larger CDM project bundle is one option. The key question remains, however, how such a transaction is reduced through bundling in reality. To investigate this and other policy options, this research study focuses on small-scale wastewater and biogas projects at Thai pig farms. One main conclusion of this research study is that the UNFCCC simplified modalities and procedures do not reduce the CDM project cycle transaction costs sufficiently for the single small-scale projects of 10,000 pigs and 5,000 pigs, which generate in average 4231 tCO[subscript2e] and 2116 tCO[subscript2e] of emissions reductions annually. Bundling per se can reduce these transaction costs further, however, the smaller project bundles stay less viable than the projects without CDM and the transaction costs per CER remain in a high range for all bundles. The second main conclusion is therefore that bundling per se does not sufficiently reduce the CDM project cycle transaction costs. With the additional policy options the viability of the bundles is increased to a sufficient level even with the low price of CER. Therefore, the third main conclusion is that the transaction costs can be reduced to a viable level at least for some project bundles with these transaction costs reductions. Yet, when the current government biogas technology subsidies, technology risk and cost of bundling are considered, it becomes clear that only the project of 10,000 pigs in bundles can possible be viable enough in reality. Therefore, finally, it can be concluded that the projects of 10,000 pigs and 5,000 pigs would never be realized as small-scale CDM projects unless the transaction costs were reduced. And yet, some of these projects are not so unviable that they could not be developed under small-scale CDM with some additional effort. Therefore, the last main conclusion is that transaction cost reduction is central to the realization of these small-scale CDM projects. Moreover, these small-scale CDM projects could bring about local benefits, or in fact solve local problems, while addressing global concerns, if effort is put in developing capacities that enhance the realization of the transaction cost reductions.

Gender development and women's status in Bangladesh

Title: Gender development and women's status in Bangladesh

Author: Iram Akhtar

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Gender

Advisor(s): Pavika Sriratanaban

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Bangladesh is a densely populated country with approximately 140 million people, the majority of whom are Muslim. 75% of the total population lives in rural areas, and half of that population are marginalized women, often facing low social status. Traditional customs heavily influence women's lifestyles, and poverty severely damages socio-economic development. This work highlights the empowerment of women and their influence on social development through the use of health as an indicator, emphasizing the impact of cultural exclusion in education, health, and socio-economic factors. Data collected over eight years, from 1995 to 2003, reveals changes in health status and women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh. Women are increasingly involved in manual labor and small-scale agricultural businesses, leading to shifts in male attitudes toward women. These changes impact women's roles in families and society. Various NGOs have assisted people in these areas with initiatives such as microcredit, education, health, sanitation, nutrition, and environmental issues. Government policies demonstrate positive actions and attitudes towards empowering citizens, improving health, and promoting development, as evidenced by increasing literacy rates. And the number of girls entering primary education has also increased. Changes have also occurred in women's health, as evidenced by declining maternal mortality rates and a decrease in fertility rates. Economically, there is an increase in the number of female wage earners and a decrease in the number of unpaid female workers. While there is general consideration of women's empowerment/decentralization, the rate of women's development remains slow. Cultural barriers and political instability further hinder this progress. Therefore, it is hoped that changes in women's living conditions will continue in the near future. Bangladesh is densely populated with a population of approximately 140 million. The majority of its population is Muslim. 75% of the population lives in the rural areas and half of the total population are women. Ignorance, low status, traditional inhibitions have influenced the life of women and poverty has been detrimental to socioeconomic development. The focus of this paper is the development of women and their status. Using social development indicators with emphasis on cultural barriers, education, health and socio-economic factors data was collected for a time series trend over a period of 8 years from 1995 to 2003. The data was then analyzed to see the changes in women's development and status in Bangladesh. Women's participation in the labor sector and small agricultural businesses in the rural areas has brought about a change in behavior and attitude of men towards women. These changes have made an impact on women's role in the family and society. Many NGOs have helped to influence women's lives, socially and economically. Major contributions by them have been in the areas of micro-credit, education, health, sanitation, nutrition and environmental issues. Government policies indicate positive attitude and commitment towards empowerment, health and development. There has been and increase in literacy rates, and an increase in girls primary school enrollment. Also, improvements in women's health were indicated by the decrease in maternal mortality ratio, and decrease in fertility rate. The economic indicators showed an increase in female paid labor force. In general, there has been considerable development of women. However, the rate of development for women is still very slow. Cultural barriers and political instability has slowed the progress of development for women. Nevertheless, the improvement evident are expected to continue in the near future.

Migrant children's access to education in Thailand : a case study of Myanmar children in Samut Sakhon Province

Title: Migrant children's access to education in Thailand : a case study of Myanmar children in Samut Sakhon Province

Author: Zeya Thu

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Surichai Wun'Gaeo

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: 63,000 children from Myanmar who were under age 12, registered as migrants in July 2004 in Thailand though the number can be higher taking into account unregistered children. Most of the children are deprived of their needs, which are essential for their development in life. One of the most important needs for Myanmar migrant children lies in the area of education. The objective of the study was to assess the situation of Myanmar migrant children vis-a-vis education in Thailand and to identify the barriers to their education. The research was a qualitative case-study of Samut Sakhon Province that employed in-depth interviews and a structured document review. The main data were drawn from face-to-face interviews with Myanmar migrant children, their parents, principals from the schools, government officials in the education sector, and NGO staff members who help migrant children in the field of education. The study found out there are three types of education available for children of migrants in Samut Sakhon: 1) Schools in Myanmar, 2) Formal Thai schools, 3) Informal schools or migrant schools set up by NGOs or communiity organizations. It is estimated that 10 percent of migrant children go to Myamar for study. 9 to 18 percent enter Thai schools while 5 to 8 percent join informal migrant schools. The study identified barriers to migrant children’s education that are multi-layered and multi-faceted. They include household/community-level, school-level, and policy-and-system-level barriers. The research concluded that the situation of Myanmar migrant children regarding education is poor by general standard. It recommended that the implementation of 2005 Cabinet Resolution which provided education for all children in Thailand be carried out effectively and migrant schools be strengthened while NGOs can play a key role in both of these processes.

The Thai Labour Unions: Identifying Internal Constraints to Effective Representation of Members' Interests in the Workplace and Society

Title: The Thai Labour Unions: Identifying Internal Constraints to Effective Representation of Members' Interests in the Workplace and Society

Author: Osolnick, John

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Lae Dilokvidhyarat

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: It appears that workers worldwide are relentlessly striving for dignity, fairness, justice, and a better quality of life. Labor unions are crucial institutions in helping workers fight for themselves, their families, and their communities. Over the past twenty to thirty years, however, workers and unions have faced increasingly severe challenges as some believe that curtailing the power and effectiveness of unions will lead to greater personal gain. Therefore, unions worldwide, including in America and Thailand, have confronted these obstacles. However, these obstacles have also led to certain developments, one of which is the creation of a model union system. This research focuses specifically on the movements of Thai labor unions, without detailing the various obstacles faced by Thai workers from employers, the government, or laws. Instead, it tests the potential of Thai labor unions to create an effective model union system. The research aims to identify the problems that Thai labor unions need to address before they can build a successful model union system. Ultimately, the research primarily discusses two key factors necessary for creating a model union system: funding (membership fees) and personnel for organization/membership recruitment. The research reveals that current Thai labor unions lack both funding and personnel for organization/membership recruitment. Workers around the globe seem to share the same constant up-hill struggle for dignity, justice, fairness and a decent way of life. Trade unions have been and continue to be the pivotal institution for working class people to advance their struggle for themselves, their families, and their communities. The past few decades have borne witness to ever-greater challenges to workers and their unions by those who believe they benefit from limiting the power and effectiveness of unions. Consequently, unions all over the world, including in America and Thailand, have faced setbacks in recent decades. There have however been developments that have shown real promise in turning around the setbacks organized labor has been facing. One such development is the organizing model of unionism.This research is focused on the Thai trade union movement. It is not an elaboration of the many hurdles the movement faces from employers, the government or the law. It is instead an examination of what capacities Thai unions have to adopt and implement the organizing model of unionism.This research seeks to examine what internal constraints Thai unions need to address as a prerequisite to adopting the organizing model. To that end, the research is chiefly concerned with examining two key resources needed to adopt the model: financial resources (dues) and organizing staff. The research reveals that Thai unions currently lack both the financial resources and organizing staff to adopt the organizing model.

An assessment of the needs for higher education of Karen refugees along the Thai-Myanmar border: a case of Nu Po Camp

Title: An assessment of the needs for higher education of Karen refugees along the Thai-Myanmar border: a case of Nu Po Camp

Author: Aranya Kengkunchorn

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Health

Advisor(s): Pornpimol Trichot

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Education is as crucial for refugees as basic physical needs such as food, water, shelter, and healthcare services. Education is a process that enhances the knowledge, skills, and moral values ​​necessary for the survival and improvement of the quality of life of refugees, who must adapt to changing environments from their country of origin to the host country. In the case of ethnic conflict and human rights abuses in Myanmar, many people have fled the country, becoming refugees and displaced persons in neighboring countries. Since the 1980s, Thailand has hosted hundreds of thousands of refugees from Myanmar. Currently, there are nine refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border. This research analyzes the educational challenges faced by refugees, assessing the quality of education currently available in refugee camps and their opportunities to access higher education outside the camps. Furthermore, the research explores the structures and policies of partner organizations, such as NGOs, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the Thai government, regarding higher education opportunities for Karen refugees. The results of this study are derived from both quantitative and qualitative research, using relevant document analysis and field data collection. Document analysis provided a review of existing theories and concepts, while field data collection... The researchers conducted in-depth interviews and discussions with stakeholders using a set of questions, as well as observation and reviewing documents produced by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Key informants for this study included Karen refugees in camps, representatives from community organizations, NGOs, educational institutions, the Ministry of Interior, and the Ministry of Education. The research indicates that while primary, secondary, and post-secondary education is currently provided to refugees by the Karen Education Department (KED) and NGOs, the study highlights a need for higher education for their future development. The current refugee education system does not adequately meet the needs of Karen refugees should they return to their country of origin, Myanmar. Access to higher education depends on the cooperation and assistance of key partner organizations such as NGOs, community organizations, and the Thai government. The study highlights the necessity for the international community, NGOs, and the Thai government to recognize the importance of access to higher education for refugees and to improve the quality of existing curricula. The role of the international community is crucial in creating opportunities for refugees and promoting their right to higher education. As well as the freedom of choice of educational path for the Karen people within the refugee camps. Education for refugees is almost as important as meeting their physical needs for food, water, shelter and health. Refugee education is the process of providing knowledge, skills, attitudes and values ​​necessary for survival, improving their quality of life, adaptating to their changing world, and preparing for eventual return to their country. Ethnic conflict and human rights violations in Burma have created mass outflows of refugees, internally displaced people and migrants to neighboring countries. Thailand has received hundreds of thousands of Burmese refugees since the mid 1980s. Currently there are 9 Burmese refugee camps on the Thai-Burma border. This study looks at the scale of the problem, assessment for existing education and quality, and the range of higher education opportunities that are potentially available for refugees outside the camp. In addition, the paper investigates the systems and policies of NGOs, UNHCR and the Royal Thai Government with regard to the higher educational opportunities of Karen refugees. This study is derived from quantitative and qualitative research, using a combination of documentary research and field data collection. Within the documentary research, theoretical data are collected through a review of the existing literature, field data was collected through in-depth interviews, group discussions, questionnaires observations and as well as reviewing existing information published by NGOs. The key informants including in this study were Karen refugees in the camp, CBOs, NGOs, institutions, the Ministry Of Interior (MOI) and Ministry Of Education (MOE). The study reveals that there is basic education, such as primary, secondary and post secondary levels, available in the refugee camps. The Karen Education Department (KED) and NGOs are responsible for education management. This study shows that there is a need for higher education to be accessible to the refugees for their future development. The study shows that the current education system does not meet the needs of the Karen refugees and is not very helpful for when they go back to Burma. Higher education can be accessed only with the cooperation and assistance of NGOs, CBOs and RTG. There is a stated need for the international community, NGOs and the Royal Thai Government to increase awareness about higher education for refugees, as well as the extend the provision of current education quality to the refugees. This study also looks at the role of the international community in ensuring comprehensive provision of higher education for all refugees, and refugees' right to higher education and freedom to choose education throughout the Karen refugee camps.

Special Economic Zone Project Assessment in Savannakhet, Lao PDR: An Application of Human Security Framework

Title: Special Economic Zone Project Assessment in Savannakhet, Lao PDR: An Application of Human Security Framework

Author: Vaughan, Robert

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Human Development and Human Security

Advisor(s): Ora-orn Poocharoen

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Special Economic Zone Project Assessment in Savannakhet, Lao PDR: An Application of Human Security Framework

Implications of the One Tambon One Product policy on sustainable development in Thailand

Title: Implications of the One Tambon One Product policy on sustainable development in Thailand

Author: Devraj Rangsit

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Post-development

Advisor(s): Surichai Wun'Gaeo

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The goals of the One Tambon One Product (OTOP) project under the government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra are often linked to Thailand's theory of sustainable development due to its ability to drive three key processes: 1) decentralization of local governance nationwide (at the village, sub-district, and provincial levels), 2) promotion of community participation in local governance and development, and 3) job/income generation within communities. This thesis aims to analyze: 1. The linkage of the OTOP policy to Thailand's theory of sustainable development; and 2. Comparing the differences in operational principles and success indicators between the OTOP policy and the private sector operating under the principles of Fairtrade. The research methodology includes analyzing documents related to project success assessment and interviewing officials from the National Research Council of Thailand and representatives from private sector organizations operating under Fairtrade principles to compare the differences in success assessment and guiding criteria for producers under both projects. The findings indicate that the income generated by the OTOP policy comes from the private sector, or private sector entities registered as community producers. Quantitative indicators of community potential development or equitable income distribution cannot be used as a measure of the policy's success. Using quantitative figures without considering qualitative impacts or fairness in trade (or employment) may reflect a policy that focuses solely on quantitative (economic) outcomes without regard for social or biological impacts, contrary to the principles of sustainable development. Furthermore, it can be concluded that for the project to effectively promote development and income enhancement according to the principles of sustainable development, it may be necessary to clearly categorize participating producers and control their operating conditions. This approach could help transform the One Tambon One Product policy into a tangible solution for community potential development and income generation, contrasting with the current focus on supporting small-scale producers (without categorizing them) and prioritizing sales figures per province without considering the community's impact. The One Tambon One Product (OTOP) policy under the Thaksin government was meant to be an initiator of SD through Thailand's decentralization process, the empowerment of local communities and employment creation and income diversification within local vicinities. The objectives of this thesis are as follows: Firstly, to clarify OTOP's conceptual implication to the notion of Sustainable Development in Thailand. Secondly, to identify the differences between the operating principles of OTOP and the Fair trade movement, and their implication towards the enabling of SD and community empowerment. The methodologies employed are structured interviews of key informants supported with the assessment of data from reports and past evaluation of OTOP as part of the comparative analysis. Informants included staffs from the National Research Council of Thailand and the managerial personnel of a Fair trade organization in Thailand. The findings are: Through the comparative analysis of OTOP's current operating principles with principles employed by the Fair trade organizations, the revenue generated through OTOP, despite of its high volume does not contribute towards the enabling of the policy's stated objectives. Implementation of OTOP lacks the disaggregate differentiation between the various types of producers involved as well as the fact that overwhelming emphasis is given to the volume of trade rather than the quality of trade conducted or the extent of the community learning process enabled. Recommendations: In order for OTOP to be an effective instigator of sustainable economic growth and community empowerment, there is an essential need for the differentiation between the types of producers endorsed. Equally important OTOP's current strategic objective of trade maximization should be replaced with the need for increased emphasis on 'customer education' and 'ethical consumption'.

Do American newspapers represent democratic values : the case of Southern border provinces in Thailand

Title: Do American newspapers represent democratic values : the case of Southern border provinces in Thailand

Author: Bryce Seaman Smedley

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Civil society and Democracy

Advisor(s): Thitinan Pongsudhirak

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: This dissertation focuses on the issue of media representations of reality, and analyzes the case of violence in Southern Thailand as an example of the manner in which the American media may be misrepresenting reality in its portrayal of global political events. The critical and other empirical reference sources used have been referenced and analyzed to create a theoretical framework within which to understand the media's response to the insurgency in Thailand. The study presents an overview of media effects and other theories to form the analytical framework, with special focus on theories referring to the anthoritarian, the libertarian, and the social construction of reality. The study also outlines the current political climate with reference to the interactions between the U.S. and Thailand. The impact of the media on politics and policy-making has also been examined. The media's relationship to the state, the media's influence on foreign policies, and the monopolistic nature of the U.S. media are also explored. The study characterizes the American media's response to the insurgency in Thailand by means of select articles from the three periodicals chosen for analysis-the International Herald Tribune, the Washington Post, and the Asian Wall Street Journal. Passages from these articles are analyzed within the conceptual framework of media responsibility theories, with special reference to the media's highlighting of the religious aspects of the violence. It is hypothesized that there seems to be an ideological bias on the part of many American journalists. The study draws the conclusion that the representation of international events by the media seems to be dependent on political ideologies rather than objective aproaches to political events, and that consequently there is a need for media representations and interpretations to be depoliticized

The role of natural resources in the Khmer Rouge-royal government of Cambodia peace negotiations and reinegration process

Title: The role of natural resources in the Khmer Rouge-royal government of Cambodia peace negotiations and reinegration process

Author: O'Brien-Kelly, Martin J.

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Civil society and Democracy

Advisor(s): Puangthong Pawakapan

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: The Khmer Rouge secession in 1996 marked the final end of Cambodia's long civilian rule. During the initial period of Cambodian government rule, the Khmer Rouge separatists broke away from the conservative Khmer Rouge elite and negotiated with the government. A win-win policy reinforced the secession, based on economic goals, power-sharing agreements, and promises to develop less important areas. The political parties viewed the separatists as valuable political commodities, using shadow governments to expand their patronage system over former Khmer Rouge members. Peace was enshrined, but laws and environmental considerations were sacrificed to achieve it. For example, a 1993 Act was violated to gain the allegiance of one separatist Khmer Rouge faction. This Act designated protected areas within former Khmer Rouge strongholds in Vil Veng, Persat Province. Furthermore, the win-win policy failed to address and incorporate the management of natural resources into the framework of peace negotiations and reintegration. This was necessary because the strongholds... Many Khmer Rouge estates possessed vast forests and significant deforestation potential. During the post-conflict development phase, conflicts arose over the management of these natural resources between communities being rehabilitated and the Ministry of Environment, which was empowered to protect wildlife reserves in Vil Ving. This research analyzes the motivations for peace, reflecting the government's intentions, as peace is not a financial but a political pursuit. The shadow government explains that... Economic considerations and the security of natural resources have been transformed into political commodities. Economic and political currents converge on win-win policies in conflicts, where forest resources play a crucial role. Peace negotiations must address natural resource management and integrate it into the reintegration process. This will ensure environmental protection and sustainable livelihoods for reintegrated communities. Community-based post-conflict development strategies, including natural resource (forest) management, can serve as a model for peacebuilding in conflicts stemming from forest resources. The 1996 Khmer Rouge (KR) defections were a precursor for the ultimate termination of Cambodia's protracted civil. During the Royal Government of Cambodia's (RGC) first mandate, KR factions broke from the hard-line KR elites and negotiated with the government. The Win-Win policy encourages these defections. This policy was based on economic goals, a power sharing agreement and promises of development for marginalized areas. Because the political parties viewed defecting KR units as valuable political commodities, they use shadow state politics to extend their respective patron-client systems to include former-KR people. Peace was achieved, but laws and the environment were sacrificed to achieve that peace. For example, the Royal Decree of 1993 was contravened to secure the allegiance of one KR faction. This decree designated a protected area in one former-KR stronghold, in Veal Veng, Pursat province. Moreover, the Win-Win policy failed to address and integrate natural resources management into the negotiation framework for peace and reintegration. This was imperative for many KR strongholds possessed vast forests and the potential for timber extraction. In the post-conflict development period, there has been conflict over natural resource management between the reintegrating community and the Ministry of Environment who is mandated to protect the wildlife sanctuary in Veal Veng. This research analyzes the motives for peace, which reveals the government's intentions for peace were not financial but political, Shadow State politics explains how economic considerations and natural resource wealth were transformed into political commodities. The currents of economics and politics converged in the Win-Win policy. In conflict where forest resources have played a role, the peace negotiations must address natural resources management and include this management in the reintegration process. This will ensure environmental protection and provide sustainable livelihoods for reintegrating communities. A community-based post-conflict development strategy including natural resource (forest) management can be a model for peace building where conflict has involved forest resources.

Resolving the People's War in Nepal: A Discussion of Obstacles to Political Integration

Title: Resolving the People's War in Nepal: A Discussion of Obstacles to Political Integration

Author: Pamela Elise Sciantarelli

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Conflict Resolution and Peace Studies

Advisor(s): Giles Ungpakorn

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: etween February 2005 and September 2006, Nepal experienced a series of political events that were unprecedented in its history. King Gyanendra seized power, establishing an authoritarian regime, sparking mass movements involving millions, including the Communist Party of Nepal (CPNM), a party that had existed for decades. This research utilizes conventional Marxist theory to demonstrate the rationale and credibility of integrating Marxism with political work. From a system of government to the political unification of the CPNM, a process that had never been proven feasible, the success of this political unification was coincided with disarmament. The issue of disarmament in Nepal has been the subject of much debate, encompassing topics such as disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration—the scope of work abbreviated as DDR. The situation in Nepal culminated in the adoption of its first constitution in August 2006. Between February 2005 and September 2006, Nepal incurred the most eventful bout of political happenings in the country's recent history. The totalitarian takeover by King Gyanendra resulted in a mass people's movement numbering in the millions along with the emergence of the Communist Party Nepal-Maoists from a ten-year underground existence. This paper uses Classical Marxist Theory to show the plausibility of a Maoist-affiliated party participating in mainstream politics. On the brink of a new government system, political integration of the CPNM never seemed more possible. Successful political integration must be simultaneously accompanied by disarmament measures. The disarmament aspect of Nepal is discussed through the Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) Framework. The situation in Nepal is assessed until the submission of the interim constitution's first draft in August 2006.

Reproductive health services for female Laotian migrant workers in Mukdahan Province

Title: Reproductive health services for female Laotian migrant workers in Mukdahan Province

Author: Yukiko Aida

Year: 2006

Keywords: N/A

Theme: Migration

Advisor(s): Supang Chantavanich

The full thesis available here.

Abstract: Since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, reproductive health has become a key element of health development strategies. Promoting reproductive health significantly influences women's autonomy, birth choices, and the provision of high-quality healthcare services for all women of reproductive age without discrimination in Thailand. Migrant workers from neighboring countries can address and fulfill the demand for unskilled labor in various industries under continuous economic expansion. However, due to limited job markets in Laos, more young Laotians are migrating to Thailand, resulting in a steadily increasing female-male labor force. The demand for Laotian workers in the service and domestic sectors is relatively high due to their similar cultural and linguistic characteristics to Thais. Nevertheless, in reality, access to healthcare services remains largely undisclosed due to the significant number of undocumented migrant workers. This research aimed to examine the reproductive health status, awareness, and knowledge of Lao migrant women in Thailand; to study the causes of reproductive health risks among Lao female workers; and to explore reproductive health services for Lao female workers. The study also included an analysis of information and service provision systems by the government, private organizations, and international organizations. Data collection involved secondary data, structured interviews with Lao migrant women in Mukdahan province, and interviews with key informants. The findings revealed that Lao female workers have low levels of knowledge and awareness regarding reproductive health, despite facing lower risks compared to workers in other occupations, such as those indirectly involved in sex work. However, they remain at risk in their daily lives. The study also found inadequate reproductive health services, coupled with local beliefs and values ​​that discourage contraception choices in Laos. Furthermore, employers exhibit significant influence on female workers' health, and spouses and friends play crucial roles in promoting access to health services. The illegal status of these workers poses risks and obstacles to accessing necessary services. Since the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 in Cairo, reproductive health has become an important component of health development strategy. The promotion of reproductive health has been known to have significant influence on the autonomy of women. Reproductive choice, especially access to high quality reproductive health services, must be secured for every woman without discrimination. In Thailand, migrant workers from neighboring countries fill unskilled labor needs of many industries. Due to a scarcity of jobs within their country, many young Laotians migrate to Thailand. It is estimated that females consist of more than half of total Laotian workers. The demand for service and domestic work is high for Laotians due to their cultural and linguistic similarity with Thais. However, in reality, access to health services is unknown since there are substantial numbers of undocumented migrant workers. The following are the research objectives. Firstly, the study examines the status of reproductive health, the awareness and knowledge of female Lao migrant workers in Thailand. Secondly, the causes of vulnerability among female Lao migrants are examined. Thirdly, this study investigates reproductive health care services which are available to female Lao migrants. Finally, the reproductive health care and information delivery systems of the government, NGO and international agencies are analyzed. Secondary data analysis, structured interviews with Laotian migrant service workers in Mukdahan province and interviews with key-informants were adopted as research techniques. The research found that low levels of knowledge and a lack of awareness on concerning reproductive health existed among Laotian female workers. Although their vulnerability is less serious when compared to workers in other occupations, such as indirect sex workers; they are still at risk in their daily lives. This study also found poor availability of reproductive health service, local beliefs and norms against contraceptive choice in Laos. Furthermore, the influence that employers have on health maintenance of migrants is also confirmed from the findings. Partners and friends were identified to play a significant role in improving access to the health services. The illegal status of workers makes them vulnerable and causes difficulty in accessing public health service at their destination of work.